• Notable natural areas in Champaign County are found in the following locations [27,53,55,187]:

Adams Twp.: Mosquito Creek-Cedar Farm

Concord & Mad River Twps.: Davey Woods

Harrison Twp.: County-Line Bog & Siegenthaler-Kaester Esker

Johnson Twp.: Kiser Lake State Park, Kiser Lake Wetlands, Millerstown Woods, & Possum Hollow

Rush Twp.: Brush Lake

Salem Twp.: Ohio Caverns & Urbana Wildlife Area

Urbana Twp.: Cedar Bog & Kings Creek

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: limestone cave formations; abandoned pre-glacial Teays River Valley; Wisconinan glacial features including ground moraine, hummocky end moraine, esker with cross-bedding, kames, erratic boulders, kettle lakes, peat bogs, glacial lake beds, and outwash sand and gravel deposits; mesophytic (mixed hardwoods) forests; exceptional walnut stands; tallgrass prairies; relict boreal alkaline bog with white cedar and other unusual flora and fauna; cranberry bog with orchids and ferns; quaking bogs and prairie fens with rare aquatic plants; streams with abundant fish and reptiles including endangered tongue-tied chub; woodland animals including pheasant, quail, and Hungarian partridge [27,53,55,162].

• Cedar Bog nature preserve is the southernmost arborvitae (white cedar) bog in the United states. It was purchased by the State in 1942, becoming the first area acquired with State funds specifically for a nature sanctuary to assure protection of its unique natural history features. Dr. Edward S. Thomas, Curator of Natural History at the Ohio Historical Society, provided the necessary motivation and expertise to preserve Cedar Bog. The bog is home to rare animals, distinctive butterflies, more than 160 species of birds, and exotic plants such as the yellow lady's-slipper (Cypripedium cslceolus var. parviflorum) and the carnivorous sundew (Drosera rotundifolia). American mastodon (Mammut americanum) and other vertebrate remains have been unearthed in the vicinity of the bog, giving an indication of animal populations during the Pleistocene Ice Age [11,14,15,16,102].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• General William Hull constructed a headquarters base at Urbana and assembled his army there before starting on his ill-fated expedition to Detroit to repel the British during the War of 1812 [5].

• Warren G. Grimes, of Urbana, was an electrical engineer who designed the lights for the famous Ford tri-motor airplane (1933) and other aircraft [144].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• John Quincy Adams Ward (1830-1910), born in Urbana, was a prominent architectual sculptor whose works added grace to building facades. He is best known for his colossal statue of George Washington on the steps of Federal Hall in New York (1883) and several works in Central Park. He was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1905 [73,122].

• Joseph E. Wing (1861-1915), of Mechanicsburg, experimented with alfalfa and was the first to grow it successfully in Ohio. He discovered the secrets of its growth: lime-rich soil, well-drained fields, and alfalfa bacterium which earned him the nickname, "Alfalfa Joe." He wrote several books on agriculture which became standards, including: Alfalfa in America, Sheep Farming in America, and Meadows and Pastures [151].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Gwynne-Humphreys House, Urbana – Gothic Revival house from a design by Andrew Jackson Downing [37].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Clark County are found in the following locations [27,53,55,187]:

Bethel Twp.: George Rogers Clark Park

Mad River Twp.: Cold Spring Station Spring

Madison Twp.: Selma Woods

Moorefield Twp: Buck Creek State Park, Crabill Fen, & Prairie Road Fen.

Pleasant Twp.: Clark Lake Wildlife Area & Pleasant Esker-Kame Complex

Springfield Twp.: Rock Run Ravine, Snyder Park-Mad River Valley, & Gallagher/Springfield Fen

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: exposures of Silurian dolomites (Niagara Group); artesian springs filtering through marl; bedrock springs (Springfield Limestone on bluffs of Mad River); glacial moraines, eskers, and kames; ravines and gorges with oak-hickory and beech-maple forests and rich herbaceous flora; tallgrass prairies; prairie fens and marl meadows; 21 rare plant species including endangered horned bladderwort; endangered spotted turtle [27,53,55,162].

• Portions of the Little Miami River Valley in Clarke, Clermont, Greene, Hamilton, and Warren Counties (169 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1969) [27].

• Conway mastodon (Mammut americanum) from the Pleistocene Ice Age discovered in a swamp near Catawba by N. S. Conway (1872). The complete skeleton of this large male (4 m high) is displayed at the Ohio Historical Center in Columbus [16,18].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• 4-H Club movement was born in the basement of the Springfield Courthouse when in the 1890s Albert B. Graham, a country schoolteacher, formed an "Agricultural Club" to teach boys and girls better farming techniques and home management. He was later invited by The Ohio State University to become supervisor of agricultural clubs for boys and girls throughout the State as part of the University's Land Grant mission. Graham went on to organize the clubs on a national basis, eventually adopting the name 4-H Clubs – the Hs standing for head, heart, hand, and health. The movement has spread throughout the world enriching the lives of over 12 million young people [4].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• James Leffel, of Springfield, was one of the State’s greatest pioneer inventors and manufacturers. He built the first foundary and machine shops in that part of the State (1838). In addition to various farm and household implements, he invented the double turbine and waterwheel [44,136].

• George Harrison Shull (1874-1954), born Clark County and educated at Antioch College, was a plant geneticist who developed a high-yield hybrid corn. He published 167 scientific papers on hydrid corn and other agricultural plants [153,186].

• Hiram Abial Pitts (1800-1860) and his twin brother John Avery Pitts (1800-1859), of Springfield, obtained a patent for an early horse-driven threshing machine (1837), known as the Buffalo-Pitts thresher. John subsequently invented an attachment that measured and registered the number of bushels threshes and bagged, and he received a gold medal for it at the at the Paris Exposition (1855) [34,71,186].

• William Whiteley, born in Springfield (1835), invented a practical agricultural reaper-binder and founded the Champion Binder Company (1852). The Champion factory became the largest producer of farm machinery in the world, turning out more than 12,000 reapers per year in the 1880s. This factory eventually became part of the McCormick Company (1902) and more recently the International Harvester Company. From the 1850s until the end of the century, southwestern Ohio led the world in the production of farm implements; as new farmlands were opened to the west, implement manufacturing in the 1900s spread in that direction [44,50,58].

• Benjamin C. Lamme (1864-1924), born on a farm near Springfield and educated at The Ohio State University, was an electrical engineer and inventor of wide reputation with 162 electrical patents. As Chief Engineer of the Westinghouse Electric Company, he was responsible for many significant improvements in electrical machinery [52,153].

• Dr. Roy J. Plunkett (1910-1994), born in New Carlisle and undertook graduate studies in chemistry at The Ohio State University (M.S., 1933; Ph.D., 1936), discovered tetrafluoroethylene resin (Teflon) while researching refrigerants at the DuPont Company (1939). Plunkett's discovery was found to be extremely heat-resistant and stick-resistant which led to its use as an important coating for everything from satellite components to cookware [23].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Westcott House, Springfield – large Prairie-style house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright (1905) [37].

• Clark County Courthouse, Springfield – massive late Victorian architecture (1878; rebuilt from original structure after a fire in 1918) [132,133].

• Weaver Chapel-Thomas Library, Wittenburg University, Springfield – free-standing 65-m modern tower constructed with larger-than-life limestone statues of Lutheran leaders [125].

• Madonna of the Trail Monument, 5 km west of Springfield – statue of the "Pioneer Mother" to honor the women who traveled the National Highway to settle Ohio (1928; H. Leimbach, sculpturer) [40].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Clermont County are found in the following locations [53-56,187]:

Franklin Twp.: Big Run & Crooked Run

Goshen Twp.: Goshen Ponds

Jackson Twp.: Blowville Swamp

Miami Twp.: Camp Simms, Cedar Cliff Prairie, Crag Wilderness, & Little Miami State Park

Stonelick Twp.: Stonelick Gorge

Tate Twp.: East Fork State Park

Union Twp.: Cincinnati Nature Center

Wayne Twp.: Stonelick State Park

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: fossiliferous Ordovician limestone and calcareous shale outcrops; undisected Illinoian Till Plain; glacial outwash plains and terraces; river valleys carved by meltwaters from Wisconsinan ice sheets; natural levees and meander patterns; backwater tributaries of the Ohio River; deep, wooded ravines with beech-maple climax forests; oak-hickory swamps on Till Plain; bottomland forests of cottonwood, sycamore, and red maple; isolated prairies; bald eagles, ospreys, and herons [53,55].

• Portions of the Little Miami River Valley in Clarke, Clermont, Greene, Hamilton, and Warren Counties (169 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1969) [27].

• Boulder Monument in Goshen Twp. marks the trail over which Daniel Boone escaped from the Indians [5].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Captain Anthony Meldahl Lock and Dam is located on the Ohio River near Neville [37].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Francis McCormick, of Milford, organized and built the first Methodist Church in the Northwest Territory (1797) [5].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Old Stone Meetinghouse, Batavia (1817) [5].

• President Ulysses S. Grant Birthplace, Point Pleasant – State Memorial; restored home and period furnishings [37,56].

• Chateau LaRoche, Loveland [37].

• Milford Area Historical Society and Promont Museum, Milford [37].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Clinton County are found in the following locations [27,53,55,187]:

Adams & Chester Twps.: Skunk Cabbage Swamp-Dutch Creek

Chester Twp.: Caesar Creek State Park & Wildlife Area

Richland Twp.: Cherrybend Pheasant Farm

Vernon Twp.: Austin Woods, Cowan Lake State Park, Culberson Swamp Forest, Devil's Backbone, Vernon Woods, & Villars Chapel Woods

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: exposures of Silurian and Ordivician strata, including fossiliferous Liberty Shale and Waynesville Shale (Richmond Formation); Illinoian glacial till and Wisconsinan glacial end moraine (Cuba); beech-maple and oak-hickory forests; white-clay swamp forests with stands of red maple, pin oak, and swamp white oak; tallgrass prairie; great blue heronry; pheasant hatchery [27,53,55,162].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• College Hall of Wilmington College (formerly Franklin College) was built in 1866 of bricks that were molded and fired in a kiln on campus and construction was done with the aid of the college’s students [4].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Clinton County was named for General George Clinton (1739-1812), 1st Governor of New York (1777-1795), 4th Vice President of the United States (1805-1812), and originator of the Erie Canal project (New York). The Erie Canal was carried to completion by nephew, De Witt Clinton, who was also Governor of New York and groundbreaker of the Ohio canal system (1825) [2,5,73].

• Jacob Spicer Leaming (1815-1885), born in Madisonville, was a pioneer corn breeder in southwestern Ohio. At his farm in Clinton County he developed cultivation metholds that produced extraordinary yields and a breed known as "Leaming’s corn." He published the results of his experimental work in the Cincinnati Enquirer and the Commercial Gazette [151].

• Dr. Ralph Vandervort Bangham (1895-1966), born in Wilmington and educated at Wilmington College and The Ohio State University (Ph.D., 1923), was a specialist in fish parasites and taught zoology at the College of Wooster for 40 years. Bangham conducted much of his research at the Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory, Put-in-Bay (Ottawa County) [184].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Martinsville Road Bridge over Todd Fork near Martinsville and Lynchburg Bridge over Little Miami River at Lynchburg (Highland County) – early covered bridges [37].

• Clinton County Courthouse (1919) and Clinton County Historical Society Museum, Wilmington – canceled because of a shortage of funds, the original plans for the courthouse included two large bronze lions standing on either side of the entrance that were to be the work of Eli Harvey, world-famous animal sculptor who was born in Wilmington [37,132].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Columbiana County are found in the following locations [53-56,187]:

Butler Twp.: Huckleberry Swamp & Watercress Marsh

Center Twp.: Center Swamp & Guilford Lake Marsh

Elk Run, Middleton, & St. Clair Twps.: Beaver Creek State Park

Hanover Twp.: Guilford Lake State Park

Madison & St. Clair Twps.: West Fork of Little Beaver Creek.

Middleton Twp.: North Fork of Little Beaver Creek & Sheepskin Hollow

St. Clair Twp.: Beaverkettle, Bieler Run, Laurel Ridge, & Pine Run

Salem Twp.: Delphinium Slope

Washington Twp.: Highlandtown Lake Wildlife Area & Yellow Creek State Forest

West Twp.: Zepernick Lake Wildlife Area

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: steep-walled gorges of Pennsylvanian Age sandstones; Permian Age rocks; coal beds; glacial end moraine and kettle lake; steep-gradient streams; Canadian zone vegetation on gorges (glacial relict) and Appalachian flora on ridges; hemlock, mountain laurel, oak-chesnut, and beech-maple forests; buttonbush swamps; waterfowl; beaver dams [53,55].

• Portions of the Little Beaver Creek Valley in Columbiana County (58 km) have been designated as a State Wild and Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1974) [27].

• Rich deposits of potters' clay in the bluffs of the Ohio River at East Liverpool formed the basis of a flourishing ceramics industry. John Bennett, a potter from Staffordshire, England, was the first to recognize the economic potential of the clay and built the first kiln (1840). By 1890 East Liverpool had 18 potteries that employed 2,200 workers. The Knowles, Taylor & Knowles Pottery had more than 600 employees and was one of the largest in the world [4,136].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Lt. Thomas Hutchins (1730-1789), first Chief Geographer of the United States, began the initial survey of public lands near East Liverpool (1785). Known as the "The Seven Ranges" survey, this was the prototype of the American rectangular survey system which later was used throughout the West. The original survey area ran south from East Liverpool nearly to Marietta and inland to Uhrichsville. Earlier, Hutchins had made a survey of the Ohio River (1766) and published, in London, England, the first accurate report and map from this survey (1788). Federal legislation based on land-division experiments in Ohio led to the codification of the system used today [86,88,103].

• The first paper mill in Ohio and the Northwest Territory was established in the valley of Little Beaver Creek near Williansport by John Coulter of Virginia and John Bowman and John Bever of Pennsylvania (1807). Called "The Ohio Paper Mill," this firm produced handmade rag paper in a stone building until the early 1830s. The firm's watermark was a spread eagle, the word "OHIO," and the initials of the proprietors, "C B & B" [102].

• The first covered bridge in Ohio was built by John Bever at his mill on Little Beaver Creek near the Ohio-Pennsylvania border (1809) [165].

• The only canal tunnels in Ohio, known as Big and Little Tunnels, are located southeast of Lisbon. They were links in the 117-km Sandy-Beaver Canal which connected to the Ohio River and the Ohio-Erie Canal. Shifts of Irish laborers worked day and night with hand drills and blasting powder to cut the 970-m long Big Tunnel which was opened for commercial use in 1850. The canal only operated for a few years, an apparent vicim of cheaper rail transportation [102,135].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Daniel Skillenger, of Wellsville on the Ohio River, was an early builder of river flatboats that were used to transport flour from area mills to New Orleans starting in 1814. In 1818 he built the hull for the steamboat Robert Thompson, one of the first steamers on the Ohio River and the first to ascend the Arkansas River to Fort Smith [94,97].

• Marcus Alonao Hanna (1837-1904), born in Lisbon and educated at Western Reserve University, formed the M. A. Hanna & Company in Cleveland (1885) from earlier partnerships which had extensive holdings in Lake Superior ore mines, southern coal fields, iron furnaces and steel mills, Great Lakes steamships, street railroads, and banks. Hanna's Blank Line fleet had 14 iron ore carriers that went on to service the National Steel Corporation into which the M. A. Hanna & Company was merged (1929). Hanna was a major political supporter of President William McKinley and served as US Senator from Ohio (1897-1904) [73,78,144,156].

• Dr. Henry Christopher McCook (1837-1911), born in Lisbon, was a minister in Steubenville and a first-rate naturalist who authored scientific and popular works on ants, spiders, and related animals, including: Mound-building Ants of the Alleghenies, Their architecture and Habits (1877) and American Spiders and Their Spinning Work (1893) [161].

• Dr. Thomas Corwin Mendenhall (1841-1924), a native of Columbiana County (Hanoverton), was the first Professor of physics and mechanics at The Ohio State University. He also served as Superintendent of the US Coast and Geodetic Survey and a glacier near Juneau, Alaska was named for him. In 1889, Mendenhall was elected to the presidency of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. His definition of the electrical units ohm, volt, and ampere were adopted by the International Electrical Congress (1893) [52,138].

• Harvey S. Firestone (1868-1938), born on a farm near Columbiana, was founder of the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, Akron (1900), the first rubber plant west of the Allegheny Mountains. On the Firestone Homestead, settled by Nicholas Firestone of Maryland (1797), the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company (known as the company who "put the farm on rubber") developed a testing center where the first practical pneumatic tractor tires were tested [3,4,55,71,186].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Church Hill Road Bridge, east of Lisbon – shortest covered bridge in Ohio and the United States (5.9 m); supported bt a single kingpost truss on each side. Tom Malone Bridge in Beaver State Park (13 km north of East Liverpool) was originally built near Lisbon (1870-1912) as a multiple kingpost truss and now stands over the mill race of Gaston Mill [69,165].

• The Museum of Ceramics, founded in East Liverpool by Andrew Carnegie, is devoted to the 19th century history of "America's Crockery City." East Liverpool was a center for ceramic manufacturing in United States for nearly a century until its decline in the 1930s. The museum is housed in the city's former Post Office which has been exquisitely adapted for exhibit purposes [4,14,46,102].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Coshocton County are found in the following locations [53-56]:

Bedford Twp.: Woodbury Wildlife Area

Franklin Twp.: Muskingam River Valley & Wills Creek

Jackson Twp.: Triple Locks Park-Roscoe Basin

Linton Twp.: Wills Creek Lake

Mill Creek Twp.: Parkhill Woods

Newcastle Twp.: Mohawk Reservoir-Walhonding River & Mohican River Valley

Tiverton Twp.: Mohican Wildlife Area & Pilgrim Hills

White Eyes Twp.: North Appalachian Experimental Watershed

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Age rocks; sandstone cliffs; reclaimed coal strip mines (Middle Kattanning No. 6 Coal); rolling hills of unglaciated Allegheny Plateau; glacial boundary; abandoned canal lands; oak-hickory forests; black walnut stands; large tuliptrees; wooded flood plains; shorebirds and waterfowl; rocky ravines with beaver, mink, and weasel [53,55].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• US Department of Agriculture established the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed near Coshocton (1937). In cooperation with The Ohio State University, several State and Federal agencies, and the Toledo Scale Company, eleven large lysimeters (20 m³) have been placed around a block of undisturbed soil with a perforated pan beneath to collect and measure groundwater percolation. Different kinds of crops and grasses are grown on the surface and the hydrologic response measured over a period of time. These are the first such devices in Ohio and the first in the world to have self-recording weighing mechanisms. Experiments conducted here over the past five decades have led to a better understanding of agricultural hydrology [2].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Dr. George Washington Crile (1864-1943), born in Chili, OH and educated at Ohio Northern University and Wooster College Medical School, was a distinguished surgeon and founder of the Cleveland Clinic (1921) and the American College of Surgeons. He developed surgical procedures for the respiratory system, nerve-block anesthesia, and direct-linkage blood transfusion. Crile's numerous published works include: An Experimental Research into Surgical Shock (1899), Blood-Pressure in Surgery (1903), Hemorrhage and Transfusion (1909), The Surgical Treatment of Hypertension (1938), and Intelligence, Power, and Personality (1941) [34,73].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Roscoe Village, in Coshocton, is a restored canal town (1830s) with a recreated horse-drawn canalboat, Monticello III. The village has 20 preserved and reconstructed 19th century buildings which house several museums along the old Ohio-Erie Canal [104].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Crawford County are found in the following locations [53-56,102,187]:

Bucyrus Twp.: Bartholomew Woods, Carmean Woods, Paul Sears Woods, & Tschanen Woods

Cranberry Twp.: Cranberry Marsh

Dallas Twp.: Burr Oak Grove, Daughmer Prairie Savannah, & Tallgrass Prairie

Polk Twp.: Amann Reservoir

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: rolling galcial till plain end moraine; glacial lake bottomland; beech-maple climax forests (200-300 years old); mixed oak woods; State champion butternut tree; burr oak savannah; tallgrass prairies; sensitive ferns; aquatic plants [53,55,162].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• In the 1850s, Crestline became the rail crossroads of the nation and flourished as the main terminal for east-west and north-south lines for a century. In the 1950s, steam engines were replaced by diesel engines which required less service and the importance of Crestline as a terminal faded [94].

• Pickwick Farms, north of Bucyrus, was originally established as the Samuel Knisley Springs Farm (1819), further developed by Dr. Jerome Bland in the 1880s, and became the largest standardbred horse breeding farm in Ohio in the 1970s [102].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Dr. Sherman Weaver Bilsing (1885-1954), born on a farm near Crestline and educated at Otterbein College and The Ohio State University (Ph.D., 1924), was one of the South’s most prominent economic entomologists while a Professor of entomology at Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College (1913-1952). Bilsing was an authority on insect pests such as the boll weevel, pecan nut casebearer, and the codling moth [161].

• Dr. Paul B. Sears (1891-1990), renowned ecologist and conservation educator, grew up in Bucyrus and conducted his early ecological studies in Crawford County. He was on the botany faculty at The Ohio State University (1915-1919), Oberlin College (1938-1950), and later served as Chairman of Yale’s botany department (1950-1960). He wrote 10 books dealing with the enviornment, including Deserts on the March (1935), This is Our World (1937), Life and the Environment (1939), The Living Landscape (1964), and Life Beyond the Forest (1969) [27,147].

• C. H. North, noted inventor and manufacturer from Galion, developed an improved telephone receiver and switchboard [105].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Crawford County Courthouse (1906; Harlan Jones, architect) and Bucyrus Historic District, Bucyrus [37].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Cuyahoga County are found in the following locations [53-56]:

Bedford: Tinkers Creek Gorge

Berea: Baldwin Lakes & Lake Abrams

Brecksville: Brecksville Lake

Cleaveland: Brookside Park (incl. Cleveland Zoological Park & Rain Forest), Cleveland Cultural Gardens, Cleveland Lakefront State Park, & Cleveland Metropolitan Park System encircling Greater Cleveland

Independence Twp.: Burger Nature Preserve

Mayfield: Williams Forest

Orange Twp.: Chagrin River Forest Preserve

Shaker Heights: Shaker Lakes

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Ohio Shale lake cliffs; steep-walled gorges (Devonian and Mississippian strata); type localities of the Bedford Shale, Berea sandstone, and Cleveland Shale; giant armoured fish fossils; dissected glacial till in Cuyahoga River Valley; waterfalls and rapids; flood plain alluvial deposits; Lake Erie beaches; virgin beech-maple forests; oak-hickory forests; glacial relict hemlock stands; swamps, marshes, and open-water lake [53,55].

• Portions of the Chagrin River Valley in Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, and Portage Counties (79 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1979) [27].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• In the mid-1800s, an estimated 80% of the grindstones in the United States were made of sandstone quarried at Berea (Berea Formation: Mississippian Period). Berea Sandstone was also quarried on a large commercial scale for canal locks and dams starting in 1832 [46,58].

• Shaker Heights was founded by the Shakers (The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing) in 1822 under the name North Union. The Shakers were outstanding farmers and carpenters who are credited with inventing the clothespin, flat-sided broom, and circular saw [94].

• In 1829 the citizens of Lenox in northwestern Cuyahoga County voted to change the township name to Olmsted as part of a bargain to acquire 500 books owned by the heirs of Aaron Olmsted. This is believed to be the first publicly-owned library in the Western Reserve. The books were brought from Hartford, CT by oxcart, hence the early name Oxcart Library. The remaining 125 volumes of the original library are now housed in the North Olmsted Public Library [102].

• Warner and Swasey Company was founded in Cleveland by Worcester Reed Warner (1846-1929) and Ambrose Swasey (1846-1937) in 1880 to produce advanced turret lathes, Gradalls (material movers), and other precision equipment. The founders also made outstanding contributions to the science of astronomy by building telescopes for most of the worlds’s leading observatories. They donated the Warner and Swasey Observatory to the Case Institute of Technology, including a Schmidt-type telescope [144].

• Captain Richard Thew, master of the Great Lakes steamer William P. Thew, designed and built the first steam shovel for unloading lake freighters (1880s). Holley H. Harris, stream shovel engineer from Marion, drew the formal plans and Variety Iron Works of Cleveland constructed the prototype. Thew tested his device at the ore docks of Marcus A. Hanna on the Cuyahoga River, and Hanna purchased the first shovel [43].

• Theodatus Garlick, of Cleveland, was the first to artifically breed fish (1853). He fertilized trout eggs in vitro and went on to build the nation’s first fish hatchery. The results of his experiments, published in the Ohio Farmer (1857), laid the foundation for modern fish farming [122].

• John Davison Rockefeller (1839-1937), born in Richford, N Y and raised in Cleveland, founded the Standard Oil Company in Cleveland (Chartered by the State of Ohio in 1870). This company soon became the prototype of aggressive, monopolistic business enterprise. In 1882, he formed the Standard Oil Trust, but it was dissolved in 1892 pursuant to a court decision under the Sherman Antitrust Act. Thereafter, the various Standard Oil Companies were operated separately with Rockefeller at the head until he retired in 1911 – the world's first billionaire and wealthiest man on earth without a near rival. In 1892, he founded the University of Chicago with gifts exceeding $46 million. His total benefactions are estimated at over $540 million, including establishment of the Rockefeller Foundation and various other educational and medical research funds [37,73].

• John Davison Rockefeller, Jr. (1874-1960), born in Cleveland and educated at Brown University (1897), was an executive in a number of his father's business enterprises and Director of the Rockefeller Foundation until 1940. He erected Rockefeller Center, covering several blocks in New York City; begun in 1932, this was the largest single building enterprise in the world. Rockefeller was also a noted conservationist and fostered the growth of the emerging National Park Service. He was also active in historic site preservation including colonial Williamsburg, VA [73,147].

• Henry Sherwin, born in Baltimore, VT, and Ed Williams, of Kent, formed a partnership in Cleveland in the 1870s which developed the first reliable ready-mix paint and a re-sealable container (1880). The Sherwin-Williams Company adopted the famous paint to "Cover the Earth" logo in 1905 [3,42].

• Financed by an endowment from the estate of Leonard Case, the Case School of Applied Science was founded in 1881 on Cleveland's east side. The Case School later became known as the Case Institute of Technology and in the late 1960s it merged with Western Reserve University to become Case Western Reserve University [40].

• The first iron freighter on the Great Lakes, Onoko, was launched at Cleveland (1882). This 87-m long vessel was built by the Globe Ship Building Company in their yards on the Cuyahoga River and for several years was the largest weight capacity ore carrier on the Great Lakes [20,78].

• The first left-hand steering automobiles in the country were built by Baker Electric in Cleveland (1898-1920). The first person to purchase a Baker Electric automobile was Thomas A. Edison [37].

• The first electric traffic signal in the nation was installed in Cleveland at the corner of Euclid Avenue & East 105th Street (1914). Garrett A. Morgan, a black inventor from Cleveland, developed the first automatic traffic signal with colored lights (1923) and sold it to General Electric for $40,000. In 1916 another one of Morgan’s inventions, a gas inhalalor, saved the lives of several construction workers who had been given up for lost when a tunnel explosion occurred 70 m under Lake Erie during the building of Cleveland’s water intake facility [33,105,180].

• Cleveland Municipal Airport was the first airport in the world to institute radio-controlled air traffic (1930) [37].

• Ohio Nuclear Inc., of Solon, produced the first commercial CAT scanner (1975) [122]].

• Groundbreaking ceremonies for the Great Lakes Science Center were held at Cleveland’s North Coast Harbor in November 1994. The Center is scheduled to open in July 1996 as part of Cleveland’s bicentennial celebration. The completed science museum will be the 10th largest in America, with a total exhibit area of 50,300 m², more than 300 interactive exhibits on Great Lakes environment and technology, and a 9-story, glass-enclosed atrium (Gund Wintergarden) for viewing Lake Erie [95].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Dr. Jared Potter Kirtland (1793-1877), born in Connecticut and educated in medicine, geology, and mineralogy at Yale University, came to Cleveland in 1823 where he pioneered several branches of science. He was a founder of the Cleveland Medical College (now part Case Western Reserve University) and did much to advance medical education throughout the Western Reserve. His breadth of interest is shown by his contributions to medical, scientific’ and agricultural periodicals in such diverse fields as medicine, botany, zoology, and scientific agriculture. Dr. Kirtland also served as a geologist and zoologist for the first Geological Survey of Ohio (1837-1838) [48,52].

• Colonel Charles Whittlesey (1808-1886), born in Connecticut and a graduate of the US Military Academy at West Point (1831), was a resident of Cleveland and served as a prominent geologist and topographer for the first Geological Survey of Ohio (1837-1838). He published more than 50 reports on the geology of the State, including early studies of Lake Erie water levels, shoreline erosion rates, and mineral resources. Whittlesey also served as a geologist for the US Geological Survey; exploring the mineral resources of the Lake Superior region, and later working there as a mining engineer. He became an authority on western history and archaeology, discovering more than 60 earthworks in Ohio and mapping half of them. He is credited with doing much to develop mining engineering in Ohio. His life work includes some 200 scientific papers [48,52,152,153].

• Dr. J. Lang Castle, Head of the Western Reserve Medical School and owner of a private chemical/microscopic laboratory, was hired by the Cleveland-based Dead River and Ohio Mining Company to explore the Lake Superior iron country for exploitable deposits (1845). On the south shore of Lake Superior at the Carp River he found a red ore hill 300 m high and 1.6 km long. He named it Cleveland Mountain, secured a mining permit, and returned to Cleveland with an estimate that the deposit contained enough iron to make a railroad all the way to the Pacific coast [20]. The hill eventually became the property of the Cleveland Iron Mining Company (founded in 1852 by Samuel L. Mather) and in 1855 Tower Jackson, the first mining agent, was able to ship 1,449 tons of ore to Cleveland for processing. The first consignment was carried by the two-masted brig Columbia, the first vessel to pass through the Sault Canal between Lake Superior and Lake Huron, a cargo of 120 tons of iron ore destined for Cleveland (18 June 1855) [20,77].

• Charles F. Brush (1840-1929), born in Euclid, invented the electric arc lamp and dynamo which brought electric lights to the streets of American cities. In 1875 he produced a dynamo machine that provided the proper amount and kind of electric current to power several lamps simultaneously and electric arc lamps that would burn uniformly. In 1881 he directed the construction of a central power station in Cleveland and the installation of street lamps throughout the city, making Cleveland the first city in the world to be lighted electrically. His Brush Electric Light Company later was merged with a Thomas A. Edison enterprise to form the General Electric Company [3, 94].

• Albert Abraham Michaelson (1852-1931), born in Strelno, Prussia and graduated from the US Naval Academy at Annapolis (1873), was Professor of physics at the Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland (1883-1889) and the first American to win the Noble Prize in physics (1907). He built an interferometer (a device designed to split a beam of light in two and bring the two part back together again) and collaborated with chemist Edward William Morley (1838-1923) of Western Reserve University (1869-1906) to conduct experiments that showed the speed of light is unaffected by movements of the earth through space (1887), disproving the "space ether concept" and paving the way for Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity (1905). The pioneering work performed by this pair has come to be known as the Michelson-Morley experiments. Michelson was also the first scientist to accurately determine the speed of light (1881), a value that was to stand until the 1930s when he revised it (299,774 km/sec) and that value stood until the 1970s when it was lower by only 2 km/sec. He served as President of the National Academy of Sciences from 1923 to 1927. Morley's later research dealt with the density and weight of gases, which resulted in his definitive chemical method of determining atomic weights (1895) [34].

• William Gwinn Mather (1857-1951), born in Cleveland and educated at Trinity College in Hartford, CT (B.S., 1877; M.A., 1880), joined the Cleveland Iron Mining Company in 1878, and when this company joined with the Iron Cliffs Company to form the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company (1891) he became the new firm's first President and Chairman of the Board in 1933. He is the namesake of the 188-m bulk freighter William G. Mather which served as the fleet flagship of the Cleveland-Cliffs Steamship Company from 1925 until 1952. This vessel continued to serve for three more decades until shre was restored in the late 1980s by the Great Lakes Historical Society and is now docked in downtown Cleveland where she serves as a maritime museum. The boiler room of the William G. Mather has been designated as a National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark. This vessel was the first United States steamship to operate without firemen because of the installation of Ervin G. Bailey’s boiler meter [77,106].

• Jeptha Homer Wade (1857-1926), born in Cleveland, organized and promoted the Western Union Telegraph Company [153].

• Frank Hurlbut Chittenden (1858-1929), born in Cleveland and educated at Cornell University, was an economic entomologist whose research formed the basis for controlling stored-products pests. He was Editor of Entomologica Americana and a researcher with the Bureau of Entomology, US Department of Agriculture (1891) [161].

• Alexander Winton (1860-1932), born in Scotland, came to Cleveland in 1890 where he manufactured bicycles and experimented with the first gasoline powered bicycle. In 1898, he founded the Winton Motor Carriage Company, the first American company to sell a regularly produced automobile and the first to produce a truck. He is also credited with placing the first automobile advertisement (Scientific American, 30 July 1898) [34,37].

• Dr. George W. Crile (1864-1943) of the Cleveland Clinic and Professor Dayton C. Miller (1866-1941) of Case School of Applied Science (Physics) conducted early X-ray experiments to observe fractured bones (1896) using the newly discovered X-rays of Professor Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, Giessen Institute, Germany. Miller perfected the technique for exposing skeletal images on photographic plates [43]. The Cleveland Clinic continued experimentation and by 1926, X-rays were being used in the treatment of cancer, but determining dosage was a problem. In 1928, Jack Victoreen, a physicist from Cleveland, built a machine for the Clinic that would accurately measure X-ray radiation. During World War II, Victoreen worked on the Manhattan Project making improvements to the Geiger-Mueller tube and developing a practical, hand-held, radiation detecting apparatus, the Geiger Counter. By 1948, Victoreen's radiation counting devices had found uses in the experimental treatment of cancer patients with radioactive cobalt at The Ohio State University Hospital [42].

• In addition to his early work with surgical X-rays, Dr. Dayton C. Miller (1866-1941), born in Strongsville, designed a device called the phonodeik to photographically record the sound waves of musical instruments, measure the speed of light in a magnetic field, and determine the efficiency of incandescent light. He served as a member of the National Research Council in Washington, DC from 1927 to 1930 [94].

• Dr. William Meriam Burton (1865-1954), born in Cleveland and a graduate of Western Reserve University (B.A., chemistry, 1886), developed the craking process for refining crude oil to produce gasoline. His process doubled the potential yield of gasoline from crude oil and in the first 15 years of its application more than one billion barrels of oil were saved. Burton started his research at Standard Oil Company in Cleveland as a chemist and eventually rose to President of Standard Oil of Indiana (1918) [23].

• John Thomas (Jack) Miner (1863-1944), noted conservationist and naturalist, was born in Westlake and moved to Ontario, Canada in 1878. He achieved worldwide recognition for his pioneering studies of waterfowl migration. This work led to the establishment of a bird sanctuary at Kingsville, Ontario (1904), the publication of books on waterfowl, and the creation of the Jack Miner Migratory Bird Foundation [102,152].

• Matthew Luckiesh, born in Iowa (1889) and raised in Cleveland, was a physicist and research director at General Electric Company’s Nela Park Laboratories working on light and vision. He developed several theories on color and its physiological effect on people. During World War I he studied camouflage, and later invented artificial sunlight and germicidal lamps. He wrote numerous books and articles on light and other aspects of physics, including Color and Colors (1938) [71,152,153].

• Dr. Charles Arthur Dambach (1911-1969), born in Cleveland, conceptualized and was first director of The Ohio State University’s School of Natural Resources (1955-1969) [147].

• Dr. Willem J. Kolff, born in The Netherlands (1911), was a Medical Researcher and Scientific Director of the Artificial Organs Program at the Cleveland Clinic (1950-1967). He invented the artificial kidney dialysis machine and the soft shell artificial heart. An estimated 55,000 people in the United States are being kept alive by his inventions. Dr. Kolff was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1985 [23].

• Dr. Frederick Chapman Robbins, born in Auburn, AL (1916) and educated at Harvard University Medical School (M.D., 1940), was co-awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology for his contributions to developing techniques for cultivating poliomyelitis virus (1954), paving the way for polio vaccines such as the one developed by Dr. Albert Sabin at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (1960). Dr. Robbins was Director of the Department of Pediatrics and Contagious Diseases at Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital (1952-1966) and was Professor of pediatrics at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine ((1952-1980). In 1980, he became President of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences [34].

• Dr. Raymond S. Baby (1917-1982), born in Cleveland and educated at Western Reserve University, was Curator of archaeology for the Ohio Historical Society (1948-1979). Baby’s research interests included prehistoric culture in Ohio and prehistoric house structures and settlement patterns [13,184].

• Dr. John S. Millis, President of Western Reserve University, compared science and technology and their relative impact on history by saying in 1952 that, "the impact of science upon history is slight in any direct sense, and that the impact of scientists upon the course of events almost negligible, but that the impact of the technologist who applies the knowledge of the scientist is direct and overpowering. History is made, not by scientific fact, nor by technical skill. History is made by men in whose minds knowledge becomes useful, and by whose skill the face of the earth is made to change." [181].

• Robert N. Manry, a Cleveland newspaper copyreader, completed a 78-day solo voyage from Falmouth, MA to Falmouth, England in a 4-m sailboat, the smallest known craft to cross the Atlantic Ocean (August 1965) [52].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Shaker Historical Museum, Shaker Heights – contains artifacts and inventions from early Shaker settlement in Ohio [14].

• The Arcade, built in downtown Cleveland (1890), was designed by John M. Eisenmann and George H. Smith as a mercantile center. The five-story galleries connect the ten-story towers facing the city's two main thoroughfares. The daring architectural design is Romanesque, a popular Victorian style from 1875 to 1900 [102,143].

• Park Synagogue, Cleveland Heights – domed synagogue designed by Eric Mendelsohn (1950) [37,125].

• Garfield Monument (1881) and Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Monument (1896), Cleveland [125,143].

• Union Terminal Group, Public Square, Cleveland – architectural symbol of Cleveland; integrated train station, office tower, shopping mall, and hotel [37,143].

• Wade Park District, East Boulevard, Cleveland – park designed by Olmsted Brothers; surrounding buildings of architectural significance include Cleveland Museum of Art (Greek Revival), Severance Hall (home of the Cleveland Orchestra), and the Temple (Byzantine-style Jewish temple with tiled dome) [37,125].

• Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland – largest natural science museum in Ohio with fine exhibits of vertebrate paleontology, ecology, and anthropology[105,125].

• Cleveland Public Library, Cleveland – Neo-Classic building which houses the nation’s second largest public library; mural by William Sommer recreates early 19th-century Cleveland [125,143].

•Western Reserve Historical Society Museum and Library, Cleveland – includes the Frederick C. Crawford Auto-Aviation Museum with more than 160 automobiles, airplanes, horse-drawn carriages, and fire engines [125].

• Ford automotive plant at Brookpark has been recognized as the first automated factory in the United States [114].

• Lewis Research Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, at Hopkins International Airport, has an exhibit hall that features the research accomplishments of the Center [105].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Darke County are found in the following locations [53-56,187]:

Adams Twp.: Darke Wildlife Area

Brown Twp.: Drew Woods

Harrison Twp: Harrison Woods, Marl Bog, & Sunbeam Prairie.

Liberty Twp.: Rhoads Lakes

Neave Twp.: Wayne Lakes

Patterson Twp.: Willowdell Cemetery Woods

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: recessional moraines, erratics, boulder deposits, kames, and eskers; marl deposits; virgin oak forests; beech woodland; tallgrass prairies; rare herbacious plants and insects; peat bog and lakes with marshy borders; rare salamander; waterfowl [53,55,162].

• Portions of the Stillwater-Greenville Valley in Darke, Miami, and Montgomery Counties (150 km) have been designated as a State Scenic and Recreational River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1975) [27].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• John W. Lambert, of Ansonia, invented a mechanical corn picker (1876) [33].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Lowell Thomas (1892-1981), born in Woodington, was a preeminent radio news commentator, explorer, lecturer, and author. Among the more than 50 true-life adventure books he wrote are: With Lawrence in Arabia (1924), Kabluk of the Eskimo (1932), Back to Mandalay (1951), and Seven Wonders of the World (1956). The Seven Wonders book was written in conjuction with Stanley Warner’s Cinerama production by the same name. Thomas traveled over 240,000 km to undertake this project and his cameramen exposed nearly 250 km of film to make this around-the-world odyssey [33,34, 35].

• Lt.-Commander Zachary Lansdowne, of Greenville, was captain of the US Navy's 207-m airship ZR-1, Shenandoah, and an expert on air masses and wind currents. The Shenandoah was America's first helium-filled, lighter-than-air rigid airship (1923) and the first to fly the perimeter of the United States. The nonflammable, helium gas was contained in 20 bags of goldbeater's skinned fabric made from the intestines of 750,000 oxen. Lansdowne was one of 14 men who died when the airship's control car plummeted to earth during a violent thunderstorm near Cambridge, OH on 3 September 1925 [4,33,40,43].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Darke County Historical Society and Garst Museum, Greenville – museum contains exhibits on two local notables: broadcaster Lowell Thomas and sharpshooter Annie Oakley [37,125].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Defiance County are found in the following locations [53-56]:

Defiance Twp.: Auglaize Woods, Auglaize River Power Dam, & Five Mile Creek

Highland Twp.: Ayerville Bog

Milford Twp.: Krill Lake

Richland Twp.: Independence Dam State Park, Maumee River Valley, & The Tree Farm

Tiffin Twp.: Oxbow Lake Wildlife Area

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: exposed dolomite bedrock; striated glacial boulders; glaciated Till Plain; lake depression in Fort Wayne glacial end moraine; glacial Lake Maumee features; beech-maple and oak-hickory forests; Black Swamp forest; tallgrass prairies; wetlands rich flora and Odonata fauna (damselflies and dragonflies); bogs [53,55,162].

• Portions of the Maumee River Valley in Defiance, Henry, Lucas, Paulding, and Wood Counties (155 km) have been designated as a State Scenic and Recreational River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1974) [27].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Independence Dam, on the Maumee River at Independence, was built in the 1840s to control water levels of the Miami-Erie Canal and Indiana’s Wabash Canal which met in Defiance [4].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Thomas G. Thompson, raised in Defiance and educated at The Ohio State University (B.S., mechicanical engineering; 1975), was a Research Scientist at Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus (1980-1987) where he developed deep-sea exploration techniques. Forming his own company, Columbus-America Discovery Group, he led a team of scientists and engineers to discover, scientifically explore, and recover the Gold-Rush Period steamer SS Central America at a depth of 2,200 m and 270 km off the Carolina coast (1986-1991). The project included design and construction of the 6-ton remotely operated research submersible Nemo. This vehicle provided the research team with the first ever sustained working presence in the deep sea (up to 80 hours per dive). During the exploration phase of the project Dr. Charles E. Herdendorf, professor of oceanography at The Ohio State University, served as Science Coordinator and Director of the Adjunct Science Program. Robert D. Evans, geologist, served as Director of Science and History throughout the project. The project documented at least 10 new invertebrate species, ranging from sponges to an octopus, living at abyssal depths in the North Atlantic Ocean [30].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Auglaize Village (19th century blacksmith shop and railroad station) and Fort Defiance site (built by General Anthony Wayne in 1794), Defiance [37,56].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Delaware County are found in the following locations [53-56,187]:

Berlin Twp.: Alum Creek State Park

Concord Twp.: Welch Woods

Concord & Liberty Twps.: O’Shaughnessy Reservoir

Delaware: Blue Limestone Park & Kissner Quarry Ponds

Delaware Twp.: Camp Lazarus, Greenwood Lake, & Stratford Woods

Genoa Twp.: Hoover Reservoir

Kingston Twp.: Bohannan’s Clarinch

Liberty Twp.: Olentangy Indian Caves, Seymour Woods, & Wildcat Creek

Marlboro & Troy Twps.: Delaware State Park & Delaware Wildlife Area

Orange Twp.: Highbanks State Nature Preserve

Troy Twp.: Weiser Woods

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Ohio Shale, Olentangy Shale, Delaware Limestone, and Columbus Limestone (fossiliferous) outcrops in deep ravines; limestone caves; bedrock faults; rolling glacial Tll Plain and meltwater eroded valleys; oak-hickory and beech-maple forests; Ohio buckeyes; marshes; pond with freshwater jellyfish; waterfowl [53,55].

• Portions of the Olentangy River in Delaware and Franklin Counties (33 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1973) [27].

• Ohio’s largest crystalline erratic, Sunbury Erratic, is located east of Sunbury. This massive oval-shaped granite boulder (6.7 m x 5.5 m x 2.4 m; 200 tons) was transported from the Canadian Shield to central Ohio by a Pleistocene glacier [36].

• First birth of a gorilla in captivity took place in the Columbus Zoo (1956). This zoo, located near Powell, now houses four generations of gorillas [105].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• "Big Ear" at Perkins Observatory, Delaware, is one of the nation’s largest radio telescopes with research dedicated to scanning the universe for extraterrestrial radio transmissions. Perkins Observatory is jointly operated by The Ohio State University and Ohio Wesleyan University. In the 1930s, Perkins Observatory had the third largest reflecting telescope lens in the world [37,40].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• President Rutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893), born in Delaware and later a resident of Fremont, was the first president to have a telephone installed in the White House (1878). Fittingly, President Hayes' first call was to its inventor, Alexander Graham Bell [37].

• Dr. F. Sherwood Rowland, native of Delaware and educated at Ohio Wesleyan University (1948) and the University of Chicago, was the 1995 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry for his work on the Earth’s atmospheric chemisty and th effects of atmospheric pollutants. Rowland published over 330 scientific papers on the results of his research [170].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Ohio Wesleyan University and Perkins Observatory, Delaware – features an 80 cm reflecting telescope [37,56].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Erie County are found in the following locations [27,53-56,185,187]:

Berlin Twp.: Berlin Heights Ravine, Edison Woods, and Old Woman Creek Estuary

Florence Twp.: Vermilion River Valley

Florence & Vermilion Twps.: Chappel Creek Ravine

Huron Twp.: DuPont Marsh, Lotus Bed-Mud Brook, & Sheldon Marsh

Kelleys Island: Glacial Grooves, Kelleys Island Forest & Quarries, & North Pond

Margaretta Twp.: Back-to-the-Wild, Castalia Blue Holes and Springs, Castalia Trout Farms-Cold Creek, Crystal Rock Cave and Sink Hole, Moxley Marsh-Sandusky Bay, Resthaven Wildlife Area, and Willow Point Wildlife Area

Milan: Galpin Wildlife Preserve

Milan Twp.: Milan Wildlife Area

Oxford Twp.: Erie Sand Barrens

Oxford & Perkins Twps.: NASA-Plum Brook Station

Sandusky: Cedar Point Sand Spit

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: glacial groves and quarries in Columbis Limestone (Devonian Period); limestone caves and sinks; deep ravines in Ohio Shale and Bedford Shale; channel-filled, slumped, and overturned Berea Sandstone (Mississippian Period) with ripple marks and cross-bedding; post-glacial abandoned beach ridges and lake plain; Lake Erie sand spits, dunes, and barrier beaches; Lake Erie estuaries and coastal marshes; artesian springs; oak-maple-basswood forests; red cedar and hackberry; hemlock in ravines; tallgrass prairies; wet-marl prairie; wetlands with emergent-submergent plants; American lotus beds; abandoned sandstone quarry with freshwater jellyfish; fish spawning habitat on Lake Erie reefs and in coastal marshes; shorebirds and waterfowl; bald eagle nests [27,53,55,162,185].

• Blue Hole in Castalia is a large artesian spring and sink hole in Devonian limestones approximately 15 m deep with a flow rate of 28,500 liters/minute, equivalent to the water needs of a city with a population of 75,000. The Blue Hole and other large springs in Castalia's Big Cold Creek Park are fed by underground streams that originate near Bellevue (Huron and Sandusky Counties). The water that issues from the springs is devoid of dissolved oxygen and ranges from 8° to 11° C throughout the year, thus the receiving stream, Cold Creek, in its short reach to Sandusky Bay never freezes. Once aerated, the waters of Cold Creek provide an excellent habitat for trout farms located downstream of the springs. John Hoyt founded the first hatchery for brook trout on this stream in 1870 [33,74,94].

• Glacial Grooves in the Columbus Limestone (Devonian Period) on Kelleys Island are considered one of the world's most spectacular and accessible examples of ice scour by a continental glacier. These grooves were cut by granitic rocks embedded in the base of Pleistocene glaciers more than 30,000 years ago. A trough 120 m long, 11 m wide, and 3 m deep remains today at the edge of a limestone quarry. The limestone containing the grooves shows evidence of marine fossils which lived in a shallow tropical sea some 400 million years ago [6,14,19, 102].

• Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve and State Nature Preserve was established in 1980 and dedicated to research and education focusing on problems of coastal wetlands and their watersheds. This 240-hectare Research Reserve has been the site of extensive work on the physical, biological, and chemical processes acting in a freshwater estuary and coastal wetland, the amount of which is unmatched in the Great Lakes region [27].

• Ceylon Junction, 6 km east of Huron, is the most southerly point of Lake Erie and the entire Great Lakes-St. Lawrence waterway system (Latitude: 41°22'50" North) [38].

• Heaviest measured Ohio storm rainfall in an 8-hr period, 24.2 cm, fell on Sandusky (12 July 1966) [33].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Immigrating from Canada, John Hoak and John Fleming brought fruit trees with them and established one of the first orchards in the Western Reserve Firelands (1812) [105].

• Huron was the leading builder of American steamships on the Great Lakes in the 1830s. The first steamer built in Huron was the Sheldon Thompson (1830), followed by the White Pigeon (1832), George Washington (1833), Delaware (1834), Columbus (1835), United States (1835), DeWitt Clinton (1836), Cleveland (1837), Great Western (1838), and General Scott (1839). These 10 vessels had a combined tonnage 3,880. Only 25 steam vessels had been built on the Great Lakes before the Sheldon Thompson, which was the second steamer built on the Ohio shore of the lake (Enterprise, the first in Ohio, was built in Cleveland in 1826) and only the ninth on Lake Erie. The Great Western, at 780 tons, was the largest Great Lakes steamship built until 1845; of the more than 1,200 steamers built on the Great Lakes in the first 50 years of steam navigation, only 80 were larger [101].

• The first railroad in Ohio was dedicated at Sandusky by William Henry Harrison on 7 September 1835. The railroad was built under a special charter granted by the State's General Assembly to the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad for a line from Dayton to Sandusky. The first locomotive on the line was named The Sandusky. By 1840, some 50 km of track was opened trough Bellevue and six years later a connection was made with the Little Miami Railroad to Cincinnati. By the time of the Civil War, Ohio led the nation in the length of railroad track. The coming of the railroad initiated the long decline of the canals which were virtually extinct by the end of the century [94].

• Blackboard chalk was developed by the American Crayon Company of Sandusky (1835) [37].

• Milan was a leading Great Lakes port after the completion of the 5-km Milan Canal in 1839. The center of activity was the Milan Basin where grain and other produce were brought from area farms for shipment to Lake Erie and world ports through 14 warehouses. As many as 20 schooners and steamers would daily take on cargo at the Basin and 75 vessels were built there during its 30-year heyday. Railroad competetion and the flood of 1868 ended Milan's port activity [102].

• Good Samaritan Hospital was founded in Sandusky (1876) for the purpose of maintaining and operating an institution for the sick and injured that was universal in its activities and benfactions and was not under the control of any religious body or civic organization. Rev. William W. Farr and Mr. C. C. Keech were the principal founders of the hospital [102].

• The Hoover potato digger was invented in Avery and was manufactured in the building presently occupied by the Schlessman Seed Company [129].

• First flying boat was constructed in Sandusky and first flown from Cedar Point to Cleveland. The craft was powered with a Rogers Engine which was also made in Sandusky [129].

• Sandusky firm of A. Feick and Brothers built the Wyoming State Capital in Cheyenne (1887-1888). The grand Neo-Corinthian building was designed by Toledo architect David W. Gibbs and largely fabricated in Ohio and shipped by rail to Wyoming [122].

• Ohio State University established the first biological research station on the Great Lakes at the State fish hatchery in Sandusky (1895); later moved to Cedar Point and known as the Lake Laboratory (1898); finally moved to Put-in-Bay (1918) and renamed the Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory (1929) with permanent facilities on Gibraltar and South Bass Islands [25].

• Plum Brook Research Station (3,200-hectare site) of NASA’s Lewis Research Center in Perkins and Oxford Twp., initiated work in the mid-1970s on wind energy as an alternative source of power [134].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Colonel William D'Alto Mann (1839-1920), born in Sandusky, graduate of Oberlin College, and Civil War hero, invented and patented the compartment boudoir car (1871). He introduced it in Europe, and founded the company which operated and controlled the railroad sleeping car business in Europe (Compagnie Internationale des Wagon-Lits). American rights to his enterprise were purchased by the Pullman Company (1883) [26].

• Thomas A. Edison (1847-1931), born at Milan, ranks as one of the world's most renowned experimental physicists and inventors. Edison's more than 1,000 patented inventions, such as the incandescent electric lamp, phonograph, and motion-picture projector, have given employment to millions of people. Although not by temperment a pure scientist, in 1882 Edison made a significant scientific discovery – in a near-vacuum an electric current could be made to flow between two wires that did not touch one another. The discovery of this phenomenon (known as the Edison effect) led to the development of the vacuum tube and eventually to the foundation of the electronics industry [5,7,23,166].

• Edwin Lincoln Moseley (1865-1948), teacher of science at Sandusky High School (1889-1914, rose to the rank of professor at Bowling Green State University (1914-1948). At the high school he established a museum which had over 17,000 biological and mineral specimens. He wrote several books on nature and science, was President of the Ohio Academy of Science (1902), and published many articles in scientific journals on the physical environment and ecology of north central Ohio [26].

• William Hulse Millspaugh (1869-1959), founder of the Sandusky Foundry & Machine Company (1900), invented the centrifugally-cast suction rolls used in the manufacture of paper and paperboard. This invention made possible high speed machines (25 m/sec) which could handle paper widths as great as 8 m. Millspaugh also collaborated with shipbuilders to develop propeller sleeves and other mechanisms for ship propulsion. For his contributions to the art of papermaking, Millspaugh was awarded the second Edward Longstreth medal of the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia and gold medal by the Technical Association of the Pulp & Paper Association [26].

• Dr. Paul Smith Welsh (1882-1959), born in Illinois and educated at the University of Michigan (1913; zoology), was a member of the faculty of The Ohio State University’s Lake Laboratory at Cedar Point (1917). He later served as Director of the Michigan Biological Station (1924-1925) and published his classic works, Limnology (1935; rev. 1952) and Limnological Methods (1948) [147].

• Dr. Norbert Adolph Lange (1892-1990), born in Sandusky and educated at the University of Michigan (Ph.D., 1918), was a renowned chemist, professional engineer, and author of Handbook of Chemistry (1934, 1st Edition). He was on the chemistry faculty of Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland (1919-1934) and Western Reserve Uviversity, Cleveland (1925-1952). Lange’s interest in science took root when he was a Sandusky High School student in the biology, chemistry, and physics classes of Professor Edwin Lincoln Moseley (1907-1910). Before attending college, Lange served as a time keeper on an excavation project in Sandusky and was on hand to save a 5-m diameter concretion that was unearthed (1911). With Professor Moseley’s help, the concretion was placed in the town square where it remains [26].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Inscription Rock on the south shore of Kelleys Island contains intricate pictographs cut into a flat-topped slab of limestone by prehistoric Indians (1200-1600 AD). Etchings include birds, mammals, and humans wearing headdresses. Discovered in 1833, the rock is 10 m long, 6 m wide, and 2 m thick. An 1851 Indian translation of the inscription's meaning suggests the pictographs refer to tribal peace treaties and turmoils accompanying the occupation of northen Ohio by late prehistoric or early historic Indians. Located nearby, Kelleys Mansion was built by Adison Kelley, son of the island’s founder, in the late 1800s [14,56,102,141,163].

• The birthplace of Thomas Alva Edison (1847), the inventor of the incandescent light and holder of some 1,092 other patents, is a small red brick house located on a hill overlooking the canal basin in Milan [94,117,125,166].

• The Cholera Cemetery in Sandusky commemorates the 400 victims of the 1849-1852 epidemic that hit the city of 5,700 inhabitants and the heroic doctors, nurses, and citizens who cared for the afflicted, led by Dr. Cochran and Foster M. Follett. During the epidemic 3,500 residents fled the city in fear. At the other end of the State in Cincinnati, 8,500 people died from cholera in 1849 – about one of every 14 residents. The fatality rate of the disease ranged from 30 to 80%, with death sometimes occurring within hours. Although the disease exacted a terrible toll in human life, it led to improved sanitary conditions in the State's cities that have made cholera virtually unheard of today [94,102].

• Mitchell Turner House, Milan – Greek Revival brick house with handsome portico and hand carved decoration [37].

• Milan Historical Museum, Milan – I840s brick house which houses artifacts of canal-period enterprises [125].

• Inland Seas Maritime Museum, Vermilion – operated by the Great Lakes Historical Society, the former Wakefield Mansion houses ship models, paintings, engines, and other artifacts of early Great Lakes navigation, and the Great Lakes Library [125].

• Cedar Point, Sandusky – world’s largest amusement park (ride capacity); features 11 roller coasters including some of the tallest and fastest in the country [104].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Fairfield County are found in the following locations [53-56,187]:

Berne Twp.: Crystal Springs, Geneva Hills, Kettle Hill, Rhododendron Cove, & Wahkeena Nature Preserve

Bloom Twp.: Chestnut Ridge

Greenfield Twp.: Greenfield Dam & Rock Mills Dam Wildlife Areas

Hocking Twp.: Beck’s Knob/Clear Creek Valley, Christmas Rocks, Jacobs Ladder, & Shallenberger/Allens Knob

Lancaster: Rising Park-Mount Pleasant

Madison Twp.: Snortin Ridge-Barnebey Center

Richland Twp.: Rusk Creek Lake

Violet Twp.: Pickerington Ponds & Tucker Woods

Walnut Twp.: Buckeye Lake State Park

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: cliffs of Black Hand Sandstone; boundaries of Illinoian and Wisconsinan ice sheets; mixed mesophytic forests (70 species of trees); chesnut, oak, and mountain laurel on sandstone knob outcrops; narrow valleys with hemlock, beech, tuliptrees, and rhododendron; polypody fern; tallgrass prairies; wood frogs in seasonal ponds [27,53,55,102,162].

• Wahkeena Nature Preserve contains 26 varieties of ferns [105].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Ohio's first State Park was established at Buckeye Lake (1894). The park area was a post-glacial marsh until 1825 when it was inundated to form the Licking Summit Reservoir and used to regulate water levels in the Ohio-Erie Canal from Newark to Portsmouth. Today, visitation to Ohio's State Parks is among the highest in the nation at more than 61 millon persons per year [11,12,33,37].

• Anchor Hocking Glass Corporation of Lancaster, the world’s largest manufacturer of glass tableware, was founded by I. J. Collins (1905) [144].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Colonel Ebenezer Zane (1747-1811), builder of the first roadway connecting the eastern states with the interior of Ohio, Zane's Trace (1796), was granted 1.6-km² parcel of land on the Hocking River by the US Government in payment for his work. Here he layed out the town of Lancaster (1797) and named it in honor of settlers from Lancaster County, PA [5,45,59].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Tarlton Cross Mound, in Tarlton, is of interest to archaeologists because of its cross-shape that closely corresponds to the cardinal points of a compass. This effegy mound is only 1 m high and is believed to have been built by the prehistoric Hopewell Indians [102].

• Rock Mill Bridge, west of Hooper – excellent example of a queenpost truss covered bridge; bridge spans a picturesque gorge near the upper falls of the Hocking River at the old Rock Mill (1825) site [69].

• Wagnalls Memorial Library, in Lithopolis, was established by author Mabel Wagnalls Jones in memory of her parents, Adam and Anna Wagnalls (1924). Adam Wagnalls was co-founder of the Funk and Wagnalls Publishing Company and was a native of Lithopolis. The memorial is a beautiful Tudor-Gothic building of native freestone which houses three libraries, an auditorium, and meeting rooms. When Mabel Wagnalls died (1946), she left a sizable estate to the people of Lithopolis to operate the library and to endow a scholarship. Still available to students of Bloom Twp., the fund has assisted some 1,700 students to attend colleges across the country [94].

• Lancaster Historic District (Square 13), Lancaster – one of the finest groups of early 19th century houses in Ohio, including the Sherman House (1811) [37,125].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Fayette County are found in the following locations [53-56]:

Madison Twp.: Deer Creek State Park & Wildlife Area

Wayne Twp.: Eyman Estate

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: rare outcrops of Niagara Dolomite (Silurian Period); late Wisconsinan Till Plain; three forest types based on soil drainage: swamp, white oak, and burr oak (poorly drained), white oak, hickories, and white ash (moderately drained), sugar maple, red maple, and white oak (moderately well drained); mixed oak forest associated with prairie openings [53,55].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Washington Court House is the leading livestock and horse breeding center of the State and Jeffersonville is also shipping point for Poland-China hogs and Shorthorn cattle. Felix Renick, of neighboring Ross County, was the first person in the nation to import and breed full-blooded European shorthorn cattle (1834) [4,5,37,105].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Archibald M. Willard, raised in Wellington (Lorain County), painted three large fresco murals in the Fayette County Courthouse: depicting, the Spirit of the United States Mail, the Spirit of Electricity, and the Spirit of the Telegraph (1885) [133].

• Dr. Willis King, born in Fayette County (1908) and educated at Willmington College (1929) and University of Cincinnati (Ph.D.,1939; zoology), was the first wildlife biologist for the Great Smoky Mountain National Park (1934) and the first fisheriest biologist employed by the State of North Carolina (1939). Later he headed the newly created Division of Fishery Management Services of the US Fish and Wildlife Service (1957) and while at this post he established the Cooperative Fisheries Unit program, a joint endeavor with states, 25 universities, and the Fish and Wildlife Service to promote training and research [147].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Fayette County Courthouse, Washington Court House – courthouse interior contains murals by Archibald M. Willard, best known for his Spirit of ‘76 (1885; David W. Gibbs, architect) [37, 133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Franklin County are found in the following locations [53-56,187]:

Blendon Twp.: Blendon Woods-Big Walnut Creek & Hoover Reservoir

Columbus: Columbus-Framklin Metropolitan Park encircling Greater Columbus

Franklin & Norwich Twps.: Marble Cliff Quarries

Jackson Twp.: Baumgartner Pond & Bog

Jefferson Twp.: Gahanna Woods

Jefferson & Plain Twps.: Rocky Fork Ravine

Madison Twp.: Pickerington Ponds

Perry Twp.: Scioto River Valley

Pleasant Twp.: Big Darby Creek

Sharon Twp.: Camp Mary Orton, Edward Thomas Woods, Flint Ravine, Highbanks State Nature Preserve, & Sharon Woods

Truro Twp.L Blacklick Woods

Washington Twp. : Welch Woods

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Columbus Limestone outcrops and quarries (fossiliferous); Ohio Shale bedrock; ironstone concretions; Wisconsinan end and ground moraines; glacial kettle; water falls stream piracy; low bottomland and flood plains; beech-maple-ash climax forests; tallgrass prairie; swamps [53,55,162].

• Spangler Hill, north of Shadeville on Hartman Farms, is one of the most prominent kames in Ohio. Kames are conical hills made up of sand and gravel which were deposited by meltwaters at the margin of the last glacier (Wisconsinan) as it retreated northward [123].

• Portions of the Darby Creek Valley in Franklin, Madison, Pickaway, and Union Counties (132 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1984) [27].

• Portions of the Olentangy River Valley in Delaware and Franklin Counties (33 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1973) [27].

• Through the years, the Ohio Legislature has honored several natural resources with official State designation: State bird – cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), adopted in 1933; State tree – Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra) in 1953; State gem stone – flint (crypto-crystalline variety of quartz favored by Indians for arrowheads) in 1965; State insect – lady bug (Adalia bipunctata) in 1975; State fossil – trilobite (Isotelus maximus) in 1985; State wildflower – white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum) in 1986; State animal – white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in 1987 [37,75].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• First Geological Survey of Ohio was organized with William W. Mather serving as the first State Geologist (1837-1838) [11].

• Lorenzo Davies of Columbus invented a device for the front of a railroad engine that he called a pilot (1851) but was soon dubbed as "cowcatcher" [37].

• Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 and Cannon Act of 1870 provided for the creation of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College in Columbus with Dr. Edward Orton, Professor of geology, as its first President. The initial 10 faculties and departments included: Agriculture; Mechanical Arts; Mathematics and Physics; General and Applied Chemistry; Geology, Mining, and Metallurgy; Zoology and Veterinary Science; Botany, Vegetable Physiology, and Horticulture; English Language and Literature; Modern and Ancient Languages; and Political Economy and Civil Polity. In 1878, this institution's name was changed to The Ohio State University and in 1882, the Ohio Legislature created the Agricultural Experiment Station at the University. In 1890, the first Doctor of Science degree was awarded. In 1905, A. B. Graham, founder of 4-H, became Superintendent of Agricultural Extension. In 1925, the University accepted the gift of Gibraltar Island from Trustee Julius F. Stone as the future home of the Center for Lake Erie Area Research. In 1934, the Research Foundation began its efforts to find sponsors for faculty research projects. In 1970, student enrollment exceeded 63,000. In 1974, the Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to Ohio State graduate Paul Flory for polymer research and in 1983, the Nobel Prize in physics wass awarded to Ohio State graduate William Fowler for his research on the formation of stars and galaxies [37,41,44].

• Ohio Fish Commission was established (1873) to examine the rivers and lakes of Ohio to ascertain whether they could be rendered more productive of fish, and what measures were needed to achieve this objective, either by restoring the production of fish in these waters or by protecting or artificially propagating the fish that utilize them [11].

• State Forestry Bureau was established (1885), one of the first four such agencies in the nation, to check the rapid deforestation of the State. Professor Adolf Leue of the University of Cincinnati was named as the first Secretary of the Bureau and was charged with the task of surveying the forests of the state and to inquire into the cause of their destruction [11].

• The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society was founded in Columbus (1885). Now known as the Ohio Historical Society, it operates the Ohio Historical Center and Ohio Village in Columbus and 60 other historical sites throughout the State [40].

• Ohio Academy of Science was founded at The Ohio State University, Columbus (1891) at a meeting chaired by Dr. A. M. Bleile. Professor Edward W. Claypole of Buctel College (now part of the University of Akron) was chosen as the new organization’s first President and Professor William Rane Lazenby, of The Ohio State University as its first secretary. Professor Lazenby, recognized as the founder of the Academy, signed the incorporation documents 12 March 1892 on behalf of 59 charter members Lazenby was Professor of horticulture and forestry and the first Director of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. The mission of the Academy is to stimulate interest in the sciences and technology, to promote and support research, to improve science education, to encourage interaction among and between the scientific disciplines, to disseminate scientific knowledge, and to recognize high achievement in attaining these objectives. An early action to implement these objectives was a bill initiated by the Academy which provided for a topographic survey of the State; the bill was passed by the Ohio Legislature (1900). The Ohio Naturalist became the official publication of the Academy (1903) and was later renamed the Ohio Journal of Science (1915). The Junior Academy of Science was created to foster scientific awareness in pre-college students under the direction of Charles W. Jarvis (1940). At the Golden Anniversary Celebration of the Academy, in Columbus, it was announced that a total of 3,829 papers and lectures had been given at meetings during the previous 50 years (1940). The list of Presidents of the Ohio Academy of Science during its first 50 years reads like a "Who’s Who" of Ohio Science, including: Edward Orton (1893), D. S. Kellicott (1895), A. A. Wright (1896), A. Kellerman (1897), W. G. Tight (1898), G. F. Wright (1899), E. L. Moseley (1904), Herbert Osborn (1905), Frank Carnet (1908), Thomas C. Mendenhall (1914), F. L. Landacre (1918), Raymond C. Osburn (1922), Kirtley F. Mather (1924), E. N. Transeau (1925), William McPherson (1927), Alpheus W. Smith (1932), and Charles A. Doan (1937). In 1979, The Academy assembled contributions from 28 specialists on Ohio's natural environment and published a full-color book, Ohio's Natural Heritage. At the Centennial Celebration (1991), the Academy recognized 25 outstanding Ohio scientists for their lifetime achievements: Dr. Glenn H. Brown (Kent), Dr. Lois A. Cook (Dayton), Dr. Ralph W. Dexter (Kent), Dr. Herman J. Eichel (Columbus), Dr. James B. Farison (Toledo), Dr. Jane L. Forsyth (Bowling Green), Dr. James M. Freed (Delaware), Sherman L. Frost (Columbus), Dr. Richard P. Goldthwait (Anna Maria, FL), Dr. Charles E. Herdendorf (Huron), Marion A. Keyes (Chagrin Falls), Dr. Charles C. King (Columbus), Dr. Milton A. Lessler (Columbus), Dr. Allen G. Noble (Akron), Dr. John H. Olive (Akron), Martha Potter Otto (Columbus), Spencer E. Reames (Bellefontaine), Dr. George Rieveschl, Jr. (Covington), Dr. Roy W. Rings (Wooster), Dr. Ronald L. Stuckey (Columbus), Dr. Thomas E. Wagner (Athens), Ronald M. Watterson (Toledo), David M. Weaner (Westerville), and Dr. Clara G. Weishaupt (Fairborn) [11,89,90,92,93,96, 179].

• The State Herbarium was founded at The Ohio State University (1893) by Professor William Ashbrook Kellerman (1850-1908) of the Department of Botany and Forestry. Dr. Ronald L. Stuckey, Director of the Herbarium in the 1970s, documented that 192 vascular plants were first described from the State of Ohio at 60 type localities. Specimens of most of these plants are contained in the State Herbarium [176,177].

• The Ohio Biological Survey was organized at The Ohio State University with the cooperation of 11 other Ohio colleges and universities (1912). Herbert Osborn, Professor of zoology and entomology and Director of the Lake Laboratory, was elected as the first Director of the Biological Survey (1912) [90,91].

• Harvey Wickliffe, of Pataskala, designed and operated a drive-in gasoline filling station in Columbus that was the first anywhere in world (June 1912). His fuel supplier was Standard Oil of Ohio [33, 43].

• In Columbus, the State Legislature passed the Ohio Conservancy Act in 1914 which permitted formation of watershed districts, with self-taxing authority, to provide protection from disastrous floods. Projects throughout the State fostered by this legislation became models nationwide for flood control and regional rehabilitation efforts, including the mammoth Tennessee Valley Authority project [37].

• Eleanor Johnson introduced the Weekly Reader (1928) in Columbus to bring world news and opinions to elementary classrooms. This newspaper now reaches 75% of the nation’s schools [122].

• In 1929, Battelle Memorial Institute, a privately endowed research laboratory, opened in Columbus. Early work at Battelle focused on metallurgy and fuels, but soon the staff and physical plant were expanded to do research on many phases of industrial science and military equipment. Clyde Elmer Williams, a mining engineer from Salt Lake City, UT, became Battelle’s director in 1934 and fostered the growth of the Institute [52,153].

• John Kraus, Columbus electrical engineer, invented the helix antenna (1946), which is now standard equipment on communication satellites [37].

• Chester Carlson, in conjunction with Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, developed an electrostatic image copying process (1949). The outgrowth of this collaboration was the first xerographic copy mchine (1959) and the founding of Xerox Corporation [37].

• Governor George V. Voinovich designated April as Science and Technology Month (1996) and urged all Ohioans to recognize State Science Day as the preeminent showcase for efforts being made throughout Ohio to encourage and support young people to enter these important fields [159].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• William Starling Sullivant (1803-1873), born in Columbus and educated at Ohio University and Yale University, was a surveyor and civil engineer. However, his passion was botany. Dr. Asa Gray (1810-1888), recognized as the leading American botanist in the mid-19th century, incorporated Sullivant's work on mosses and liverworts into his renowned Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States (1848). Sullivant was the only co-author in Gray's original manual, the 8th edition of which is still in print. Sullivant also published two books and numerous articles on the mosses and other botanical features of eastern North America and for his significant contributions to science was elected to the National Academy of Sciences [52,70,145].

• Charles Leo Lesquereux (1806-1889), born in Switzerland, educated at Neuchatel, and immigrated to Columbus (1848), was an eminent paleobotanist and associate of Professor Louis Agassiz and William Sullivant. He collaborated with Agassiz on a study of Lake Superior (1850) and with Sulivant on bryological publications. Lesquereux is noted for his pioneering work on the formation and preservation of peat [10,145,152].

• Dr. Theodore G. Wormley (1826-1897), born in Pennsylvania and long-time resident of Columbus, was a distiguished toxicologist. He was Professor of chemistry and natural science at Capital University (1852) and toxicology at Starling Medical College (1854). He published The Micro-chemistry of Poisons (1867). Wormley also developed chemical methods for the Ohio Geological Survey in the analysis of coals, iron ores, clays, soils, slags, and limestone [10].

• Dr. Edward Orton (1829-1899), born in New York and educated at Harvard University, was the first President of The Ohio State University (1873-1881), Professor of geology (1873-1899), Director of the Ohio Geological Survey (1882-1899), and President of the Ohio Academy of Science, the Geological Society of America , and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Before coming to Columbus, he was Professor of natural history at Antioch College, Yellow Springs and was President of that institution (1872). The publications of this eminent geologist include: Iron Ores of Ohio (1884), Ohio Shale as a Source of Oil and Gas (1888), and Coal Fields of Ohio (1893) [10,48,89].

• Alexander W. Livingstone, of Reynoldsburg, was a horticulturist who developed the Paragon tomato (1870) and within 25 years it became the most popular vegetable in America [134].

• Dr. Alfred Charles True (1853-1929), born in Connecticut, was Dean of the first Graduate School of Agriculture in the United States, at The Ohio State University (1902). He published, A History of Agricultural Extension Work in the United States, 1785-1923 (1928) and A History of Agricultural Education in the United States, 1788-1925 (1929) [151,186].

• Dr. Herbert Osborn (1856-1954), born in Wisconsin and educated at Iowa Agricultural College, was Professor and Chairman of the Department of Zoology and Entomology at The Ohio State University and Director of the Lake Laboratory at Sandusky (1898-1918). He also organized and directed the Ohio Biological Survey. He held a research professorship for at the University for the latter part of his career and published several important books: Economic Entomology (1908), Agricultural Entomology (1916), Meadow and Pasture Insects (1939), and A Brief History of Entomology (1952) [25,161].

• Professor Charles Smith Prosser (1860-1916), born in Columbus, NY and educated at Cornell University (M.S., 1886), was Professor of historical geology at The Ohio State University (1899-1901), Head of the Geology Department (1902-1916) and Assistant State Geologist (1900-1916). His classic geologic writings included: Names for the Formations of Ohio Coal (1901), The Nomenclature of Ohio Geological Formations (1903), and The Devonian and Mississippian Formations of Northeastern Ohio (1912) [47,184].

• Dr. Edward Orton, Jr. (1863-1932), born in New York and raised in Columbus, established the first school in the United States for instruction in techniques for the clay, glass, and cement industries. He authored Clays of Ohio (1884) and served as State Geologist (1910-1916) [153].

• Dr. John Adams Bownocker (1865-1929), was Professor of geology at The Ohio State University, Ohio State Geologist (1906-1928), and member of the Conservation of Natural Resources Committee of the Ohio Academy of Science (with W. R. Lazenby and Herbert Osborn; 1899). His extensive publications included: The Occurence and Exploration of Petroleum and Natural Gas in Ohio (1903), Geologic Map of Ohio (1920; this is still the official geologic map of the State), and Mineral Industries of Ohio [47,82,182].

• Dr. Clarence Hamilton Kennedy (1879-1952), born in Indiana and educated at Cornell University (Ph.D., 1919), was a noted scientific illustrator (marine fishes) and Professor of entomology at The Ohio State University (1920-1949). His specialty was insect morphology, particularly dragonflies, and he conducted much of this research on the Lake Erie Islands [161].

• Dr. J. Ernest Carman (1882-1966), was Professor of geology at The Ohio State University (1916-1952) and Curator of the Orton Geology Museum (1917-1944). His publications included: The Monroe Division of Rocks in Ohio (1927), Drainage Change in the Toledo Region: Ohio (1930), and The Geological Interpretation of Scenic Features of Ohio (1946) [6,47].

• Granville T. Woods, born in Columbus, invented an incubator (1900), automatic air brakes (1902) and 50 other patented devices. His best-known invention was a telegraph system used to plot the locations of railroad trains [105,180].

• Captain Edward Vernon (Eddie) Rickenbacker (1890-1973), born in Columbus, was an automotive and aviation engineer and executive in several motor car and aircraft companies. He was also the best-known American air ace in World War I (Congressional Medal of Honor) and spent three weeks on a life raft in the Pacific Ocean during World War II when his airplane was forced down. His books on these adventures include: Fighting the Flying Circus (1919) and Seven Came Through (1943) [144,152].

• Modern knowledge of the soils of Ohio began with the early 1920s work of Dr. Guy Woolard Conrey (1887-1948), Professor of agronomy at The Ohio State University, who is considered the "Father of the Soil Classification System in Ohio" [11,184].

• Dr. Lawrence H. Snyder was Professor of medicine at The Ohio State University and has been honored for his pioneering work in developmental biology with the title "Father of Human Genetics" [33].

• Edward L. Wickliff (1893-1975), born in Grove City and educated at The Ohio State University (B.S., 1914; M.S., 1917), was the first Chief of the Ohio Bureau of Scientific Research and accumulated data which served as the foundation of the State’s fish and game programs. With the formation of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1949), Wickliff became Chief of the Fish Management Section, Division of Wildlife and was responsible for writing much of Ohio’s fish and game legislation over a 30-year period [182,184].

• Dr. Emil Bozler (1901-1995), born in Steinebronn, Germany and Professor of physiology at The Ohio State University (1936-1991), discovered the mechanism that underlies the spontaneous rate of heart muscle contraction (heartbeat). He determined the significance of ATP and calcium ions in the control of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation. These discoveries are classics in the field of physiology, appearing in every medical physiology textbook written since the 1950s, and have earned for him recognition as the "Father of Smooth Muscle Physiology." In 1993 Dr. Bozler was inducted into the Ohio Science, Technology and Industry Hall of Fame at Ohio’s Center of Science and Industry (COSI) [115].

• Dr. Charles F. Walker (1904-1979), born in Columbus and educated at The Ohio State University and the University of Michigan (Ph.D., 1935), was a world authority on the biology of New World amphibians. He served on the faculty of the Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory at Put-in-Bay (1937-1947) and as Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles at the University of Michigan (1947-1975) [184].

• Dr. Clarence Egbert Taft (1906-1986), born in Romeo, MI and educated at the University of Oklahoma and The Ohio State University (Ph.D., botany; 1934), was a prominent phycologist and Professor of botany at The Ohio State University (1940-1977). He conducted his graduate work under the guidence of Dr. Louis Hanford Tiffany (1894-1965) and Dr. Edgar Nelson Transeau (1875-1960). Taft was long associated with the Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory at Put-in-Bay where his research resulted in The Algae of Western Lake Erie (1971) [184].

• Dr. Donald J. Borror (1909-1988), born in Columbus and educated at The Ohio State University (Ph.D., 1935), was Professor of zoology at The Ohio State University with special research interests in aquatic insects and in records of bird songs (14,000 recordings of 400 different species). Borror is well known for his books: An Introduction to the Study of Insects (1954) and A Field Guide to the Insects of North America (1970) [184].

• Dr. Harriet Hyman Parker, born in Keystone, WV (1910) and educated at The Ohio State University (Ph.D., 1936), was a pioneering researcher in the field of human genetics and the first person to earn a Ph.D. in this field. Dr. Parker’s work on blood groups and Rh factor led her to discover that multiple groups are present at birth. This provided the scientific basis for safely transfusing jaundiced newborns, resolving cases of uncertain identity of infants in hospitals, and establishing legal evidence of nonpaternity [178].

• Dr. Robert Latimer Bates (1912-1994), born in South Dakota and educated at the University of Iowa (Ph.D., 1938), was an economic geologist and Professor of geology and mineralology at The Ohio State University (1951-1977). His special interests were petroleum geology and the geology of industial rocks and minerals. Bates authored several books, including: Geology of Industrial Rocks and Minerals (1960), Geology: An Introduction (1974), and Dictionary of Geological Terms (1984) [184].

• Richard A. Popham (1913-1988), born in Illinois and educated at The Ohio State University (Ph.D., botany; 1940), was a specialist in plant anatomy and morphology, particularly desert species. During World War II he served as chief ballistician at the Scioto Ordnance Plant at Marion, OH (1942-1943) and as Superintendent of the Atomic Bomb Manufacturing Plant of the Manhatten Project in Los Alamos, NM (1944-1945). In this later position he was responsible for the production of the first atomic bomb, for which he received the Army-Navy Production Award (15 October 1945). Following the War he returned to OSU as Professor of botany (1946-1980). Popham published 35 scientific papers and two textbooks: Developmental Plant Anatomy (1952) and Laboratory Manual for Plant Anatomy (1966) [184].

• Jerrie Mock, of Bexley and educated at The Ohio State University (aeronautical engineering), was the first woman to make a solo air flight around the world (April 1965). She completed the flight in 30 days in a Cessna 180, Spirit of Columbus, and was awarded the Louis Bleriot aviation medal [33,52].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Shrum Mound, located on the west bank of the Scioto River in Campbell Park, Columbus, was built by the the prehistoric Adena people between 800 BC and 100 AD [14,102].

• Ohio Statehouse, Columbus – regarded as the strongest Greek Revival statehouse in the nation and the purest example of Doric architecture. The central rotunda is 20 m in diameter and the dome is 37 m high. The floor of the rotunda contains 4,892 blocks of marble. The State Capitol was started in 1839 and took 22 years to complete at a cost of nearly $1.4 million. My Jewel Monument, on the Statehouse grounds, commemorates seven Ohioans of Civil War fame: Grant, Sheridan, Sherman, Garfield, Chase, Stanton, and Hayes [37,131,125].

• Ohio Theatre, Columbus – opulent movie palace with a spectacular interior [37].

• The Ohio Historical Center, near the State Fair grounds in Columbus, is the State's repository for its comprehensive collections of materials in the fields of history, archaeology, and natural history. The Center also houses the State's archives and historical library and is the headquarters of the Ohio Historical Society and the Ohio Historic Preservation Office. Ohio Village, a recreation of a 19th century (pre-Civil War) rural county seat, is located adjacent to the Center [14,102].

• COSI is a 300,000 square-foot Science Center that opened November 6, 1999 at its new location on the west bank of the Scioto River in downtown Columbus. COSI provides immersive, highly interactive hands-on learning experiences for all ages.  COSI was established in the former Columbus Veteran’s Hall in 1964.  In the 35 years since it’s founding, COSI has served over 16 million visitors within its walls and another 2.5 million through the COSI On Wheels program.  COSI features eight interactive Learning Worlds.  They are Adventure, i/o, Ocean, Gadgets, Progress, Life, Space and little kidspace.  COSI is home to three theaters the Science2Go retail shop and Atomic Café restaurant.  For more information call 614-228-COSI or log onto www.cosi.org [46,105,134].

• German Village, Columbus – group of small-scale, brick residences and commercial buildings built by German settlers [37].

• Ohio Railway Museum, Worthington – restored trolleys, electric inter-urban and railway cars in operating condition; full-sized reproduction of an 1880s small town depot [125].

• Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus – handsome Italian Renaissance-style building (1931), includes Bellows Room in honor of Columbus-born George Bellows and 13 of his paintings [125].

• Orton Geological Museum, Columbus – located in Orton Hall (1893; Richardson Rommanesque Revival style) on The Ohio State University Campus; Orton Memorial Library of Geology is also housed in this building [142].

• Anheuser-Busch Brewery, Columbus – historical displays of brewing industry; guided tour of operating brewery [46].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Fulton County are found in the following locations [53-56,187]:

Fulton Twp.: Fulton Pond Wildlife Area

German Twp.: Goll Woods

Gorham Twp.: Flowing Wells & Harrison Lake State Park

Swan Creek Twp.: Maumee State Forest & Oak Openings

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Black Swamp terrain and glacial lake bottomland; artesian wells; swamp forest trees: burr oak, white oak, and cottonwood; oak openings on sandy soil; tallgrass prairies; wetlands and ponds; migrating waterfowl [53,55,162].

• Council Oak, Winameg, is 400-year-old oak tree at the site of the largest Indian encampment in northwestern Ohio [4].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Barney Olldfield (1878-1946), born in Wauseon, was the first auto racer to drive a mile a minute (96.6 km/min) [153].

• World’s largest plant making Chinese food products (e.g. chop suey and chow mein) in the 1950s was located in Archbold [4].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Colonel D. W. H. Howard, son of an early Fulton County settler, learned the Patawtamie Indian languague as a boy and was later appointed by President Andrew Jackson as interpreter for the Ohio Indian country. He chronicled the Indian history associated with the Council Oak at Winameg, particularly the oral history given by Chief Winameg. The graves of Colonel Howard and Chief Winameg are near the Council Oak [4].

• Professor James Stewart Hine (1866-1930), born in Wauseon and educated at The OhioState University (1893), was the first Curator of the Division of Natural History of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society (1925-1930) and Professor of zoology and entomology at The Ohio State University (1902-1927). He was responsible for developing the first Ohio natual history exhibits at the State Museum [184].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Sauder Farm and Village Museum, Archbold – restored 19th century farm and pioneer village [37,56].

• Fulton County Courthouse, Wauseon – earliest extant courthouse in northwestern Ohio; Tuscan Villa style built of brick and sandstone (1869; Alexander Voss and H. B. Bensman, builders) [132,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Gallia County are found in the following locations [53-56]:

Greenfield Twp: Black Fork Swamp.

Huntington Twp.: Sweetgum Flats

Raccoon Twp.: Bob Evans Farms & Tycoon Lake Wildlife Area

Walnut Twp.: Wayne National Forest

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: dissected Permian Age sandstone and shales; Pennsylvania Age coal cycles; unglaciated Allegheny Plateau; rolling hills and wide valleys; Ohio River flood plain; white oak, red oak, hickory, and tuliptree forests; pin oak-swamp; white oak flats; mixed swamp forests; amphibians; waterfowl and shorebirds; beaver [53,55].

• Highest recorded Ohio temperature, 45° C, occurred at Thurman (4 July 1897) and at nearby Centerville (21 July 1934), both in Gallia County [33,105].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• In 1790, a group of 400 French settlers founded Gallipolis on the Ohio River and soon established a thriving river trade. Gallipolis came to be known as the "City of the Gauls" [102].

• "Silver Bridge," stretching across the Ohio River at Kanauga (1928), was the first bridge in the nation to be protected by aluminum paint [105].

• Gallipolis Locks and Dam (1933-1937) are located on the Ohio River near Eureka, about 15 km below Gallipolis. The dam is a roller gate type, originally developed in Germany, consisting of eight gates in the form of large cylinders laid horizontally between piers, each gate being 38 m long, 365 tons, and with a damming height of 9 m. This system has increased the navigation channel depth in the Kanawha River (West Virginia) and materially benefited commerce in the region [37,40,56].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Otto Clair Gilmore (1880-1959), born in Gallipolis, was an early researcher in the field of color photography. He was the first to capture the eruption of a Hawaiian volcano (Kilauea) on color motion picture flim (1917), followed by documentary color films (and still photographs for rotogravure sections of major US newspapers) of exotic locations throughout the world. Gilmore moved to Hollywood, CA in 1929 to continue his inventive work at Warner Bros. and MGM Studios, and later at his own laboratory at Van Nuys, CA were his optical research in color cinematography resulted in an original process known as "Cosmo-Color" [172].

• Oscar Odd McIntyre (1884-1938), of Gallipolis, was a noted reporter of early times in Ohio (Gallipolis Daily Sun, Dayton Herald, and Cincinnati Post) and creator of the first syndicated newspaper column. Moving to New York in 1911, he became the most widely read columnist of his day. His grave is on Mound Hill overlooking the Ohio River [4,152,153].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Our House, Gallipolis – brick, river port tavern museum constructed in 1819 which contains many relics of the early French settlers [4,14].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Geauga County are found in the following locations [53-56]:

Auburn Twp.: Auburn Lake Wildlife Area

Bainbridge Twp.: Geauga Lake

Burton Twp.: Burton Forest, Fern Lake, Raised Bog, and White Pine Bog Forest

Chardon Twp.: Big Creek Park, Bole Forest, Hart Canyon, Little Mountain, & Stebbin’s Gulch

Claridon Twp.: Aquilla Lake Wildlife Area

Hambden Twp.: Hambden Orchard Wildlife Area & Whitlam Woods

Munson Twp.: Bass Lake

Newbury Twp.: Punderson Lake State Park

Parkman Twp.: Parkman Gorge

Russell Twp.: Ansell’s Ledges & Upper Chagrin Preserve

Thompson Twp.: Thompson Ledge

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian rocks exposed in deep ravines; hilly Allegheny plateau with outcrops of Sharon Conglomerate on high ridges; Defiance end moraine; glacial kettle lakes; mixed hardwood forests; glacial relict vegetation of hemlock and white pine on north-facing slopes; marshes and bogs; woodcock; beaver, muskrat, and raccoon (Geauga in Indian) [53,55].

• Portions of the Chagrin River Valley in Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, and Portage Counties (79 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1979) [27].

• Portions of the Upper Cuyagoga River Valley in Geauga and Portage Counties (40 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1974) [27].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• American Society of Metals', Metal Park in Russell Twp. features the largest open geodesic dome (83.5 m in diameter) constructed from aluminum tubing- the first created by R. Buckminster Fuller, in a network of hexagonal and pentagonal shapes to represent the crystal structure of metals (1964). Under the huge dome is a garden of 65 ores representing the world's most important sources of metal which have made modern technological advances possible. In 1968, 1-m tall apple tree was planted at Metal Park that was a direct descendent of the original tree under which Sir Isaac Newton (the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived) was sitting when he discovered the laws of gravitational force in the mid-17th century. The tree was a graft of a tree which was growing in front of the Library of Congress, Washington, DC [7,37,55].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Charles Martin Hall (1863-1914), born in Thompson, discovered the electrolytic method (Hall-Heroult process) of producing aluminum from bauxite ore (1885), while at Oberlin College. This was the first practical and economical process for manufacturing aluminum in the United States. Andrew Mellon invested in the process (1889) and the forerunner of the American Aluminum Company was formed. When Hall died much of his sizable estate was left to Oberlin College and other educational institutions [23,94].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Geauga County Historical Society Museum and Pioneer Village, Burton – reconstructed mid-19th century rural community and Baltimore and Ohio Railroad depot [125].

• Geauga County Courthouse, Chardon – one of the best examples of Italianate style architecture in the United States (1869; Joseph Ireland, architect) [132,133,141].

• Sea World of Ohio, Aurora – marine life park which exhibits killer whales, dolphins, sharks, lea lions, penguins, and diverse marine fishes and invertebrates [46].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Greene County are found in the following locations [53-56,187]:

Bath Twp.: Huffman Reserve

Beaver Creek Twp.: Zimmerman Prairie

Beaver Creek & Sugar Creek Twps.: Narrows of Little Miami River

Cedarville Twp.: Cedarville Gorge

Miami Twp.: Clark Run, Clifton Gorge, Glen Helen, John Bryan State Park, & Yellow Springs

Spring Valley Twp.: Caesar Creek Lake Wildlife Area, Little Miami State Park, Spring Valley Wildlife Area, & Travertine Fen

Xenia Twp.: Tawana Woods

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: deep gorges in Niagara Limestone (Silurian Period); Cuba end moraine; large springs with tufa deposits; oak-hickory and mixed mesophytic forests; virgin beech climax forest; rich understory of redbud, dogwood, and sassafras; northern relic vegetation: arbor vitae, yew, mountain maple, and hemlock; tallgrass prairies; marshes [53,55,162].

• Portions of the Little Miami River Valley in Clarke, Clermont, Greene, Hamilton, and Warren Counties (169 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1969) [27].

• Clifton Gorge in Miami Township is an outstanding example of inter-glacial and post-glacial canyon cutting. Here the Little Miami River funnels through a deep, narrow channel which appears to have formed by the enlarging and connecting of potholes in the resistant Silurian dolomite bedrock. At places, the resulting cliff overhangs have broken off and toppled into the valley resulting in massive blocks of dolomite scattered along the valley floor. The shaded north-facing slope provides a cool moist environment for northern species such as hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), yew (Taxis canadensis), arbor-vitae (Thuja occidentailis), and mountain maple (Acer spicatum) [26,27].

• Largest known intact trilobite fossil (Isotelus maximus, 37x25 cm) was found during excavation work for Huffman Dam on the Mad River in Bath Twp. [33,75].

• A disasterous tornado destroyed all of the buildings in Jamestown (1844) [105].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Peter Van Schaik of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Fairborn, developed the astronaut maneuvering unit. Gemini astronauts first used this combination life support and propulsion backpack to move in space. Earlier, Dayton sculpturer Alice Chatham had designed helmets used by Capt. Chuck Yeager and the astronauts for the first supersonic and space flights [37].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Horace Mann (1796-1859), a noted educational reformer and statesman, was the first President of Antioch College in Yellow Springs (1853-1859). He is known as the "Father of Free Public Education in America." Two of his classic works are, Report of an Educational Tour of Germany, Great Britain, and Ireland and On the Study of Physiology in Schools. After decades of decline, in 1920 the college was renewed under the leadership of President Arthur E. Morgan, the engineer who designed the Miami Flood Control Project and then headed the Tennessee Valley Authority [4,73].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Clifton Mill, Clifton – located on the Little Miami River near the Clark County Line, is one of the largest gristmills ever built in the United States (1802) [141].

• National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center is located at Wilberforce [14,37,120].

• United States Air Force Museum, Fairborn – oldest and largest military aviation museum in the world; museum grounds extend into Montgomery County [37].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Guernsey County are found in the following locations [53-56]:

Jefferson Twp.: Salt Fork State Park

Jefferson, Madison, & Wills Twps.: Salt Fork Wildlife Area

Richland Twp.: Seneca Lake State Park & Senecaville National Fish Hatchery

Wills Twp.: Moore Woods

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Pennsylvanian Age sandstones, shales, coals, and limestones exposed in ravines; dissected, unglaciated Allegheny plateau; oak-hickory and beech-maple forests; marshes; horned lark [53,55].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• The first bridge authorized by the legislature of the Northwest Territory spanned Wills Creek at Cambridge (1801). The bridge was over the first stream of importance encountered by travelers along Zane’s Trace from Wheeling, VA. When the National Road reached Ohio (1828), it followed in part Zane’s Trace through eastern Ohio and the original log bridge over Wills Creek was replaced by an elaborate covered bridge, "Old National Bridge." The Great Flood of 1913 severely damaged the bridge and it was eventually replaced with a viaduct (1925) [94].

• A district in the eastern part of Guersey County, surrounding Fairview, was called Pennyroyaldom because of its industry of raising the pennyroyal plant (Hedeoma pulegioides) and distilling its aromatic oil. The plant has hairy leaves and small lilac-blue flowers [4,40].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• John Hershal Glenn, Jr., born in Cambridge (1921), raised in New Concord and a graduate of Muskingum College, became the first American astronaut to orbit the earth. Marine Colonel Glenn orbited the planet three times aboard the spacecraft Friendship 7 on 20 February 1962 before returning safely to Earth. The 3-orbit flight covered 130,000 km in just under five hours. In 1957, test pilot Glenn, became the first person to make a nonstop supersonic transcontinental flight, from Los Angles to New York, setting a record of 3 hr 23 min 8.4 sec. In 1974 Glenn was elected United States Senator from Ohio; in 1992 Glenn became the first Ohioian ever elected to four consecutive terms in the US Senate [37,94].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Cambridge Glass Museum, Cambridge [37,139].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Hamilton County are found in the following locations [12,27,53,55,56,187]:

Anderson Twp.: Newtown State Fish Farm

Cincinnati: Buttercup Woods, Caldwell Park, California Nature Preserve, City of Cincinnati Parks, Eden Park (Irwin M. Krohn Conservatory & Cincinnati Art Museum), Hamilton County Parks encircling Greater Cincinnati, Mt. Airy Forest, & Stanbery Park

Colerain Twp.: Newbury Wildlife Sanctuary

Columbia Twp.: Camargo Wetlands, Given Woods, Kroger Nature Preserve, & Red Bird Hollow

Crosby Twp.: Miami-Whitewater Forest

Delhi Twp.: Mt. St. Joseph Woods

Miami Twp.: Shawnee Lookout & Warden-Perkins Preserve

Mill Creek Twp.: Farbach-Werner Nature Preserve & Mt. Echo Woods

Springfield Twp.: Greenbelt Woods, Greenhills Woods & Heronry, Spring Beauty Dell, Trillium Trails, & Winton Woods

Sycamore Twp.: Hazelwood Preserve and Sharon Woods Gorge

Symmes Twp.: Little Miami State Park

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Ordovician limestones and calcareous shales (fossiliferous); sinkholes; Wisconsinan, Illinonian, and Kansan glacial deposits; glacial outwash terraces; flood plains; mixed mesophytic forests; climax beech forests; bottomland hardwood forests; rich herbaceous flora: ginseng, goldenseal, bent trillium, and Canada lily; black-crowned night heron nests [27,53,55].

• Portions of the Little Miami River Valley in Clarke, Clermont, Greene, Hamilton, and Warren Counties (169 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1969) [27].

• Shaw Mastodon, excavated by S. Hayes (1894) at the corners of Shaw and Observatory streets, Cincinnati, is one of the oldest individuals known from this taxonomic group. This specimen is housed in the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History and Science ( No. VP 47) [116].

• Martha, the only remaining member of the once abundant passenger pigeon population (Ectopistes migratorius), died at the Cincinnati Zoo (1 September 1914). In the early 1800s, John James Audubon estimated that a single Ohio River flock had 1.12 billion individuals (Audubon, the painter of Birds of America, worked as a taxidermist in Cincinnati). These birds were hunted mercilessly for food; in Circleville hunters slaughtered as many as 200,000 per day (April 1861). For 15 years the Cincinnati Zoo had a standing $1,000 offer for a mate for Martha, but none was ever found. Her passing marked the first time mankind could document the extinction of a species. The Cincinnati Zoo is the second oldest in the country and one of the nation’s finest [33,125].

• Cincinnati experienced the worst flood on record for the Ohio River (January 1937) when waters rose to a height of 24 m, over 8 m above flood stage, and flooded the heavily industrialized Mill Creek Valley ($35 million in damages). The flood led to the construction of the great barrier dam built by the US Army Corps of Engineers at the mouth of Mill Creek (1947) to prevent flood waters from the Ohio River from backing up the valley. A battery of pumps at the dam are capable of pumping the entire flow of Mill Creek over the dam and into the Ohio River [2,105].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• The first steamboat to descend the Ohio River was the New Orleans, built in Pittsburgh (1811). The first Ohio-built steamboat was the 203-ton Vesta, built in Cincinnati (1817) and fitted with a steam engine fabricated in Pittsburgh. The first Ohio-built steam engine for a river steamboat was made in Marietta (1836) which had a flourishing steamboat industry in the 1830s [58,97].

• The first public water system for a major Ohio municipality was constructed in Cincinnati (1821). The system, using wooden pipe joined by iron bands, rude fire-hydrants, pumps driven by oxen or horses, and a hillside reservoir, was built by Colonel Samuel W. Davies. In 1824 he upgraded the system with two force pumps driven by the steam engine from an old river steamboat which produced nearly 5 million liters of water per day. By 1839, when the city purchased the system from Colonel Davis, there were 30.5 km of wooden pipe and 5.6 km of iron pipe [2].

• Dr. Daniel Drake (1785-1852) founded the world's first teaching hospital in Cincinnati (1823), known as Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum. This was also the first hospital in the nation to provide ambulance service (1860s). Eventually, Ohio had over 60 medical colleges in the 19th century, today the few enduring ones have merged with major universities [37,49].

• Cincinnati became the nation's hog and bacon processing and shipping center in the 1830s and 1840s which earned it the nickname "Porkopolis." This led to soap making companies, such as Procter & Gamble, that used the fat from the pork rendering industry. Today, the nation’s largest soap factory is located in Cincinnati [86,105].

• Obed Hussey, a mechanic who lived on a farm near Cincinnati, was one of the first patentees of a reaper (1833) and the first to be manufactured commercially (Baltimore, MD; 1837) [155].

• William Procter and James Gamble formed a partnership in Cincinnati to manufacture soap and candles (1837). By 1850, the Procter & Gamble star and crescent had become the best known trade mark in the United States. During the Civil War, to meet the needs of the Union Army, plant engineers devised for the first time power-driven paddles to stir batches of soap (1861). A miscalculation in the mixing time resulted in a foaming, frothing mass that when processed into a bar of soap was thought to be worthless. However, the company's chemist found that the soap was normal except that it floated. Customers who received some of the mistakenly made product soon clamored for more specifying "the kind that floats." Harley Procter, William's oldest son and sales manager, is credited with naming the new soap "Ivory" [42].

• Cincinnati Suspension Bridge (Ohio River), designed by John Roebling and constructed between 1856 and 1867, became a wonder of the 19th century and a protype for his Brooklyn Bridge [128].

• Dr. Richard Gatling, graduate of the Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, invented the Gatling Gun – forerunner of the modern machine gun. The first Gatling gun was manufactured in Cincinnati in 1862 [37].

• Salmon Portland Chase, Cincinnati lawyer and Abraham Lincoln’s Secretary of the Treasury, invented the nation’s modern currency, including coins with the words "In God We Trust" and green paper money (1864). A century later, when silver coins became too expensive for the Treasury, Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus designed the nickel-copper "sandwich" now used for dimes, quarters, and "silver" dollars [37].

• Charles Fleishmann, in Cincinnati, introduced compressed fresh yeast (1868) [105].

• The first public weather service was established in Cincinnati (1869). Cleveland Abbe telegraphed weather data to make daily forecasts and convinced the govenment that the nation could profit from this service. President Grant created the the US Weather Bureau (1870) and named Abbe as its first Chief [105,122,153].

• The first American Forestry Congress was held in Cincinnati (1881), at which over 25,000 attendees participated in elaborate tree-planting ceremonies. The Congress drafted resolutions to alert the nation to the care of its forest lands [86].

• The first reinforced-concrete bridge in America, Joseph Melan Arch Bridge, was built in Eden Park, Cincinnati (1894) [37].

• World's first reinforced-concrete skyscraper, Ingalls Building, was built in Cincinnati (1902-1903) [33,37,76].

• Herbert Faber and Daniel O’Connor of Cincinnati, seeking to develop an electrical insulation substitue for mica, created a plastic laminate which is now known as Formica (1913) [37].

• President Herbert Hoover dedicated the opening of the Ohio River Navigation System at Eden Park in Cincinnati (October 22, 1929), a waterway system that included fifty locks and dams begun by an Act of Congress in 1820 [2].

• In 1934, radio station WLW in Cincinnati was given one of the first experimental licenses in the country by the federal government to broadcast at 500,000 watts of power [105].

• The first automatic monitoring well in Ohio to record the rise and fall of groundwater was installed in Wyoming, OH (1938). The monitor was installed by the US Geological Survey in a 41-m deep observation well drilled into the Mill Creek Valley aquifer and is still in operation [2].

• Frederick McKinley Jones, Cincinnati native, revolutionized the American diet when he invented a system to refrigerate railroad cars and trucks (1940) for food transportation [37].

• Procter & Gamble Company introduced the first heavy-duty, synthetic (non-soap) detergent (Tide), formulated from phosphorous compounds (1944) [37].

• On 30 June 1948 President Harry S. Truman signed Public Law 845, the nation's first Federal Water Pollution Control Act, which included authority to establish interstate pollution-control compacts. On the same date, the governors of the Ohio Valley states met in Cincinnati to sign the documents creating an interstate Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) to fight the growing water pollution problem in the Ohio River. As a result of this effort, a valley-wide education program was started, anti-pollution laws were passed, control standards for industrial wastes were set, and new pollution treatment facilities were built. By 1975, nearly 100% of the industries in the Valley had state-of-the-art pollution control installations (as compared with 1% in 1948) and almost 100% of the municipalities were served by sewage treatment facilities (as compared with 38% in 1948). ORSANCO developed the world's first robotic water quality monitoring system (1960) [86].

• Charles Oehler, archaeologist with the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History, excavated the prehistoric Turpin Village from 1940 to mid-1970s and defined the first culture of the Late Woodland Indians (400-700 AD) in the central Ohio Valley (Newtown Culture) [112].

• Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, introduced disposable diapers (1962) [37].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Dr. Richard Allison (1757-1816), was one of the earliest medical men in Ohio, arriving at Fort Washington (Cincinnati) in 1789 as Surgeon’s Mate in the Fifth Regiment of the Continental Infantry. Promoted to Surgeon (1790), he was at General St. Clair’s defeat at the Wabash River (1791) and General Anthony Wayne’s victory at Fallen Timbers (1794). He retired from the Army in 1796, and in the early 1800s he was the only physician in Clermont and Brown Counties. In Cincinnati (1809), he joined Dr. Samual Ramsey in the "practice of physics and the vending of medicine." His home, Peach Grove, was located just east of old Fort Washington [150].

• Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783-1840), born in Galata, Turkey, was a famed but controversial early naturalist and Professor of botany, natural history, and modern languages at Transylvania University in Lexington, KY (1818-1826). He made important contributions to study of the fish in the Ohio River and published a pioneering work Ichthyologia Ohiensis (1820) among his more than 950 publications. Rafinesque also traveled through the central and northern parts of Ohio on two occasions, making numerous natural history observations, particularly in the vicinity of Sandusky Bay. He described 110 taxa of plant and animals from Ohio (1808-1840), but unfortunately his locality descriptions were no more specific than Ohio, Ohio River, or Lake Erie [34,86,87,168,177].

• Dr. Daniel Drake (1785-1852), born in New Jersey but a resident of Cincinnati for most of his life, was one of the most noted early scientists and medical educators in Ohio. He founded (1819) and taught at the Ohio Medical College (now part of the University of Cincinnati) and wrote several important books: including, Principle Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America (1850) which contained well-documented information on the topography, meteorology, anthropology, and human diseases of the Ohio Valley. Drake was also a noted promoter of floristic botany and natural history courses in medical schools. At the conclusion of a speech in Cincinnati in 1833, Dr. Drake suggested that the buckeye be adopted as Ohio’s emblem. The speech was enthusiastically received and thenceforth Ohio has been "The Buckeye State" [52,152,153,174].

• John Locke (1798-1856), born in Maine and educated at Yale College (1819), was a government geologist who explored the Cincinnati region and later was Professor of chemistry at the Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati. His most important scientific contibutions were in the physical sciences, particularly observations of terrestial magnetism and elecrical experiments. Locke published widely in scientific journals and was a member of numerous learned societies in America and Europe [10].

• Dr. Joseph Ray (1807-1856), educated at Ohio University and the Ohio Medical College, was Professor of mathematics at Woodward College in Cincinnati where he developed practical textbooks that revolutionized the teachings of mathematics and its everyday use: including, Calculations for the Head, Ray's Arithmetic, and Arithmetic for Little Learners. In 1837, he published a family-sized book that found its way into most homes during the mid-1800s, A Comprehensive Guide and Complete Treatise on Practical Arithmetic from Elementary Rules up to Duodecimals and Geometrical Progressions. In all, Ray wrote 15 volumes that influenced how Americans viewed mathematical calculations and taught them to do their own figuring [43,152].

• General Ormsby MacKnight Mitchel (1809-1862), born in Kentucky, raised in Lebanon and a graduate of the US Military Academy at West Point, was Professor of mathematics and astronomy at Cincinnati College (now the University of Cincinnati). He was instrumental in the establishment of the nations first large astronomical observatory. The apparatus was purchased in Europe and the cornerstone was laid by former President John Quincy Adams (1843). In 1844, the observatory's 28-cm telescope was the largest in the United States. Mitchel also worked as an early railroad construction engineer and during the Civil War he served with distinction, attaining the rank of Major General, but died of yellow fever in the midst of the fighting [10,50,52,134].

• Henry Howe (1816-1893), born in Connecticut and a 30-year resident of Cincinnati, was a noted historian who chronicled the early technological developments in Ohio. He is famous for his Historical Collections of Ohio (1847; rev. 1891) [152.153].

• Professor Daniel Vaughan (c 1818-1879), born in Cork, Ireland, was an early astronomer in Cincinnati. His 50 scientific publications included: The Causes and Effects of Tides, The Light and heat of the Sun, Popular Physical Astronomy, and Origins of the Worlds [10].

• Charles Francis Hall (1821-1871), born in New Hampshire and lived in Cincinnati, was a noted arctic explorer and Eskimo anthropologist. On the US Navy steamer Polaris he ventured within 7°49’ of the North Pole (10 August 1871). He published, Life Among the Esquimaux (1864) and Arctic Researchers (1865). Hall also was the founder of the Cincinnati Press (1859) [152].

• Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910), born in Bristol, England and former Cincinnatian, was the first woman doctor of medicine in the United States. Blackwell graduated from the Geneva Medical College in western New York (1849) after being rejected by 29 other medical schools. She founded a hospital in New York entirely staffed by women (1857) where she later instituted medical education for women (New York Infirmary) [33,34].

• Johann Bernhard Stallo (1823-1900), born in Germany and immigrated to Cincinnati (1839), was an early physicist who wrote The Concepts and Theories of Modern Physics (1882).

• Professor Cleveland Abbe (1838-1916), Cincinnati meteorologist, established in the city the first public weather service in America (1869). As Director of the Cincinnati Observatory (1868-1870), he issued storm warnings based on telegraphic reports and drew the first weather maps. Abbe wrote nearly 300 papers on various aspects of weather and climate [50,152].

• Edward Oscar Ulrich (1857-1944), born in Cincinnati, was a noted paleontologist, stratigrapher, and lithographic illustrator of fossils. He made fundamental taxonomic contributions to 12 major invertebrate taxa, particularly bryozoans, ostracods, and conodonts. In his early professional years he conducted paleontological and stratigraphic studies for the Ohio and Kentucky Geological Surveys, making use of the "index fossils" concept. In 1897, he obtained an appointment with the US Geological Survey and shifted his interests to revising the Paleozoic stratigraphic system and the standard geologic time scale. Starting in 1914, he also held the title Associate Paleontologist at the US National Museum (Smithsonian Institution) and continued in this role after his formal retirement from the Geological Survey in 1932. His only formal education was intermittent terms at German Wallace College (now Baldwin-Wallace College), Berea, OH (1874-1875). In 1892, this institution awarded Ulrich an honorary Doctor of Science degree [62].

• Dr. Charles Henry Turner (1867-1923), born in Cincinnati and educated at Ohio University and the University of Chicago (Ph.D., 1907), was a prominent black biologist who overcame equipment, library, and funding handicaps to to bring science education to southern schools and colleges. He published papers on the behavior and comparitive psychology of inverttebrates as well as human sociological problems [161].

• Lillian D. Wald (1867-1940), born in Cincinnati, founded the world’s first school nursing system (Henry Street Settlement, New York; 1893) and was a pioneer in the field of public health nursing [152,153].

• Herman Schneider (1872-1939), founding dean of the College of Engineering, University of Cincinnati, originated the concept of co-operative education for his students (1906). He published Thirty Years of Educational Pioneering (1935) which documented his work [50,152].

• Martha Kinney Cooper (1874-1964), born in Kentucky and lived in Cincinnati, founded the Ohioana Library (1929) with the objective of gathering all books by Ohio authors or on the Ohio scene. Housed in the Ohio Departments Building, Columbus, the first Director of the Library was Dr. Florence Roberts Head of Crawford County [153].

• Dr. Elizabeth Dyer, born in Hamilton County (1890), was Director of the College of Home Economics at the University of Cincinnati (1924-1940) and wrote her classic work Textile Fabrics[153].

• Dr. Emma Lucy Braun (1889-1971), born in Cincinnati and educated at the University of Cincinnati (Ph.D., 1914), was Professor of botany at the University of Cincinnati (1923-1948). Her classic work, The Woody Plants of Ohio (1961) was a 5-year project sponsored by the Ohio Academy of Science and the National Science Foundation [90,184].

• Dr. Carl W. Blegan, educated at Yale University and Professor of archaeology at University of Cincinnati (1927-1957), made significant contributions to the excavation of ancient Troy (Turkey) from 1932 to 1938 and the Palace of Nestor at Pylos (Greece) from 1939 to 1970. Blegan’s work clarified the Mycenaean Age and older civilizations of Asia Minor and added proof to Homer’s Trojan War [126,127].

• Joseph Strauss, born in Cincinnati, designed the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco (1937) [122,128].

• Dr. Albert Bruce Sabin (1906-1993), born in Bialystok, Poland and educated at New York University (M.D., 1930), came to Ohio in 1939 as Associate Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. He became Head of the Division of Infectious Diseases and Professor of research pediatrics where he demonstrated that human poliomyelitis is primarily an infection of the alimentary tract. Sabin eventually isolated strains of each type of polio virus that were not strong enough to produce the disease themselves but were capable of stimulating the production of antibodies to combat the infection which led to his oral polio vaccine that won FDA approval in 1960. His work reportedly prevented nearly 5 million cases of polio and 500,000 deaths worldwide [34].

• Dr. Kenneth Edward Caster (1908-1992), born in Pennsylvania and educated at Cornell University (Ph.D., stratigraphy; 1933), was Professor of geology and paleontology at the University of Cincinnati (1936-1978) and Curator of paleontology at University of Cincinnati Museum. An internationally known scientist, Caster was an early supporter of the Theory of Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics. He is credited with single-handedly establishing the discipline of paleontology at the University of Cincinnati [184].

• Ted Turner, born in Cincinnati (1938), founded the first international cable television news network, CNN (1985) [72].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• The Madisonville Site in Mariemont is a prehistoric Indian village and burial ground believed to have been built by the Fort Ancient people between 1000 to 1650 AD. Beginning in 1879, Dr. Charles Metz uncovered over 1,200 Indian graves at the site; the large quantity of tools and other artifacts found at the site indicated an industrious people. Many Mariemont streets were named for site features: Cachepit (granary pits), Midden Way (mounds of kitchen refuse), Flintpoint, and Hammerstone [102].

• Christian Waldschmidt House, Camp Dennison – fieldstone "Pennsylvania Dutch" style house (1804); one of Ohio’s first paper mills was located nearby [125].

• Harrison Tomb, North Bend – 18-m high marble obelisk memorial to President William Henry Harrison [14].

Taft Museum, Cincinnati – excellent example of Federal-style mansion (1820) with Doric columns surrounding the entrance portico [125].

• Taft National Historical Monument, Cincinnati – birthplace and boyhood home of William Howard Taft, 27th President of the United States [125].

• Mariemont was founded in 1923 as a planned coummunity, designed by the eminent town planner John Nolan and 25 of America's leading architects. As part of the "Garden City Movement," Mariemont was influenced by English models. The entire community is listed on the National Register of Historic Places [102].

• Carew Tower, Fountain Square, Cincinnati – integrated office building, shopping arcade, and hotel (1930); contains some of the best Art Deco interior decoration in the country [37].

• Cincinnati Music Hall, Elm Street – long the cultural center of the city; designed by Samuel Hannaford (1877) [37].

• Eden Park Water Tower, Cincinnati – Designed by the Hannaford architectural firm to resemble a castle keep (1894), the tower is 52 m high [141].

• Cincinnati Union Terminal, Western Avenue – regarded as the finest Art deco train station in the United States; renovated terminal houses natural science and historical museums [37].

• Plum Street, Cincinnati – intersection with 8th Street includes 1890 Richardsonian Romanesque City Hall, Greek Revival Saint Peter in Chains Cathedral, and the Moorish Revival-style Plum Street (Isaac M. Wise) Temple [37,125].

• Tyler-Davidson Fountain, Cincinnati – elaborate Rococo fountain (1871), donated to the city by Henry Probasco, with carved figures representing the genius of water [125].

• Over-the-Rhine Historic District, Cincinnati – one of the largest and most impressive collections of Italianate buildings in the country; constructed by German settlers during the mid to late 19th century [37].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Hancock County are found in the following locations [53-55,175]:

Allen Twp.: Van Buren State Park

Biglick Twp.: Biglick Marsh and Prairie

Eagle Twp.: Camp Berry-Eagle Creek & Higbee Woods

Union Twp.: Cranberry Marsh

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: glacial till plain (Wisconsinan); abandoned beach ridges of glacial Lake Maumee; beech-maple forest; swamp forest; tallgrass prairie [53,55,162].

• The great Karg well, a natural gas well drilled in 1886, turned Findlay into a boomtown overnight [105].

• Biglick Twp., east of Findlay, was named for a big sulfur spring that was famous as a deer lick in the early 1800s [175].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• John Chapman (aka Johnny Appleseed) established a nursery on three lots in Findlay (1834), four years after the village was founded on the banks of the Blanchard River [102].

• Beginning in the 1850s, the massive Black Swamp was drained in Hancock County by an intense network of drainage ditches. Features such as Biglick Marsh and Cranberry Marsh are remnants of the former Black Swamp [175].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Dr. Willard H. Bennett (1903-1987), born in Findlay and faculty of Physics, The Ohio State University (1930), was a pioneer in the field of plasma physics (1930s) and invented the radio frequency mass spectrometer (1950). Since Bennett's spectrometer required no heavy magnets, it was the first launched into space to measure the mass of atoms (Sputnik III – it was the only space instrument used by the Russians and credited to an American inventor in their own Russian-language publications). Dr. Bennett was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1991 [23].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Hancock County Courthouse, in Findlay, was built during the oil and gas boom of the 1880s at a cost of under $100,000. The architectural firm was Weary & Kramer and W. H. Campfield was the contractor (1888). Justice, Law, and Mercy are represented in a satutory group and a 5-m statue of John Hancock stands 40 m above the ground atop the Grecian temple-style building [102,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Hardin County are found in the following locations [50,54,55,102,119]:

Buck Twp.: Saulisbury Park

Liberty Twp.: Hog Creek Marsh

Marion, McDonald, & Roundhead Twps.: Scioto Marsh

Taylors Creek Twp.: Devil’s Backbone

Washington Twp.: Matson Nature Area

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: exposures of dolomite bedrock (Monroe Formation); glacial till; glacial lake bottomland; beech-maple forests; wetlands [55].

• Kenton lies on the divide between the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River drainage system to the north and the Ohio River-Mississippi River drainage system to the south. The headwaters of the Scioto River lie northwest of Roundhead near the Auglaise County line [44,119].

• A huge tree, know as "Hardin's Great Walnut," was cut in eastern Goshen Twp. (1837) that measured 22 m to the forks and was ~1.3 m in diameter [44].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Founded by Henry Solomon Lehr after his return from the Civil War, Ohio Northern University in Ada (1871) has a varied curriculum (including a College of Engineering) but still specializes in Lehr's original ideas of, "training teachers in the science of education" [4,50].

• Draining and reclamation of Scioto March in the late 1800s [119].

• Ohio's first Conservancy District, the Upper Scioto Conservancy, was established in February 1915 to protect the upper end of the Scioto River valley from the kind of flooding that caused great damage in 1913. A flood control and land reclamation plan was prepared by the Arthur Morgan Engineering firm of Memphis, TN and construction of the project, which required extensive dredging and swamp draining, was done by the F. C. Morgan Company of Indianapolis, IN (1916-1924) [2].

• The largest wire and ornamental iron fence company in the United States was once located in Kenton [12].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Noble M. Davidson, of Harden County, patented the first complete and practicable traction engine (1877) [119].

• Nicholas H. Colwell, of Hardin County, was Director of the Mexican National Railroad in the late 1800s and President of National Novelty Company, a toymaking cartel [119].

• Benjamin Franklin Fairless (1890-1962), born in Pigeon Run (Stark County) and educated at Ohio Northern University in Ada (B.S., 1912), first worked as a civil engineer for the Wheeling & Lake Erie Railroad Company (1913) and rose to the presidency of United States Steel Corporation (1937-1952) and Chairman of the Board (1952-1955). One of the largest iron ore carriers (195 m long) in the US Steel Corporation Great Lakes Fleet was named in his honor. The steamer Benjamin F. Fairless was built by the American Ship Building Company, Lorain, OH in 1942. This vessel set several iron cargo records, the largest being 18,913 tons loaded on 6 August 1947 at Two Harbors, MN for delivery to Conneaut, OH [39,73,77].

• Lewis Bixler, of Kenton, obtained several patents for iron toys which propelled his company (Kenton Cast Iron Toys) to become the largest iron toy maker in the United States [119].

• Wheeler McMillen (1893-19??), born near Ada and educated at Ohio Northern University, was President of the National Audubon Society and Editor of the Farm Journal [119,152].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Agricultural Museum and Hardin County Historical Museum at Kenton [37,119].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Harrison County are found in the following locations [53-56,187]:

Archer Twp.: Harrison Reclamation Area & Harrison State Forest

Cadiz Twp.: Sally Buffalo Creek

Franklin & Stock Twp.: Tappan Lake

Moorefield Twp.: Piedmont Lake

Northwest Twp.: Mud Lake Bog

Nottingham & Washington Twps.: Clendening Lake

Rumley Twp.: Faith Ranch

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Pennsylvanian Age sandstones, shales, limestones, and coal formations (Upper Freeport, and Middle Kittaning coals); streams modified by glacial drainage; dissected Allegheny Plateau; lakes with heavily wooded shores; hardwood stands; tallgrass prairies; great blue heron; beaver [53,55,162].

• Oldest continuous annual bird count has taken place in Harrison County since 1900 [33].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Lew Reese, of East Liverpool, designed and built the world’s first machine for mass-production of pottery tableware at Scio (1932) [42].

• Tappan Reservoir, the first Federal dam and reservoir in Ohio, was built near Deersville in 1936 and was the first project of the Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District. Construction of the 472-m-long, earth-filled dam was under the supervision of Colonel Joseph D. Arthur, US Army Corps of Engineers. The chief civilian supporter of the Conservancy District was Bryce Cogsil Browning of Adamsville (Muskingum County) [2,147].

• Hanna Coal Company's used the largest power shovel in the world, built by the Marion Power Shovel Company, to strip coal in Harrison County (1957) [58,144].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Professor David Christy (1802-1867), of Harrison County, was editor of the Cadiz newspaper, Harrison Telegraph (1824-1836), and later was on the faculty of Miami University, Oxford, were he lectured on sociology. He authored several pre-Civil War books: including, Letters on Geology (1948), Cotton is King (1855), Ethiopia: Her Gloom and Glory (1857), The Southern Highlands, As Adapted to Pasturage and Grape Culture (1858), and Pulpit Politics (1862). Christy had a natural aptitude for science and reported on geological and geographical observations in periodicals. Noted mid-19th century orators, Bishop Simpson and John A. Bingham, were also long-time residents of Harrison County [44,152,186].

• Mary L. Jobe, born in Tappan (1886) and a graduate of Ohio College at Scio, led exploring expeditions to Africa and Canada. Her husband, Carl E. Akeley, died while leading an expedition to the Belgian Congo for the American Museum of Natural History and she took charge of the expedition, completing the mission (1926) and developing the Akeley African Hall at Museum. She served on the faculty of Hunter College and published Restless Jungle (1936). Mt. Jobe, in the Canadian Rockies, was named in her honor [152,153].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Harrison County Courthouse, Cadiz – statue of John A. Bingham, prosecuter of Abraham Lincoln’s assassins, dignifies the Berea Sandstone courthouse (1893; Yost and Packard, architects) [37,132,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Henry County are found in the following locations [53-56]:

Flatrock and Napoleon Twp.: Maumee River Valley

Liberty Twp.: Independence State Park

Washington Twp.: Maumee State Forest

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: glaciated Lake Plain; Maumee River flood plain: cutbanks, natural levees, terraces, and alluvial deposits; former Black Swamp bottomlands; abandoned canal lands; oak-hickory woodlands; tallgrass prairies; wetlands and aquatic organisms; migrating waterfowl [53,55,162].

• Portions of the Maumee River Valley in Defiance, Henry, Lucas, Paulding, and Wood Counties (155 km) have been designated as a State Scenic and Recreational River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1974) [27].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Converstion of the Black Swamp into fertile farm land started in late 1830s and early 1840s when the Wabash-Erie Canal and the Miami-Erie Canal were built along the Maumee River. The 200-km-long and 65-km-wide Black Swamp of northwestern Ohio was often characterized as thickly forested swamps and malarial bogs that were nearly impenetrable to foottravel. With a transportaion link to Henry County and the surrounding counties, an incentive arose for "husbanding the swampland." Extensive reclamation work was carried on during the later half of the 19th century as farming proved a profitable undertaking on the virgin soil and towns like Napoleon grew in population by 10-fold [44,50].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Carl David Shoemaker (1872-1969), born in Napoleon and educated at The Ohio State University, was a prominent early conservationist who drafted important environmental legislation. Serving as Special Investigator and Secretary of the US Senate Committee on Conservation of Wildlife Resources (1930-1947), he helped prepare the Wildlife Coordination Act of 1934, Migratory Bird Hunting Act (Duck Stamp), Pittman-Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act (1937), and the Dingle-Johnson Federal Aid to Fisheries Act (1950). In 1936, he joined J. N. ("Ding") Darling and others in organizing the National Wildlife Federation [147].

• Warren A. Ritter, born in Napoleon (1878), was an engineer on the Panama Canal (1904) and later served as a landscape architect and Commander in the Civilian Conservation Corps. He formulated a series of parks along the Maumee River between Toledo and Defiance. With the construction of these parks, the Maumee Valley was transformed from abandoned and deteroirating canal lands to a scenic jewel known as the Anthony Wayne Parkway [94].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Henry County Courthouse, Napoleon – built of brick and Berea Sandstone with a mansard roof and at colck tower that rises 46 m above street level (1882; David W. Gibbs, architect) [37,132,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Highland County are found in the following locations [12,27,53,55,56,187]:

Brush Creek Twp.: Fort Hill

Clay Twp.: Buford Woods

Concord Twp.: Devils Kitchen

Fairfield Twp.: Devils Den

Fairfield & Madison Twps.: East Monroe Falls

Liberty &Marshall Twps.: Rocky Fork State Park

Paint Twp.: Miller/Rocky Fork Gorge, Paint Creek Lake Wildlife Area, Paint Creek State Park, & Seven Cave

Paint & Madison Twps.: Paint Creek Gorge

Penn Twp.: Fallsville Wildlife Area

Union Twp.: Oldaker Wildlife Area

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Niagara escarpment marking a change in bedrock from thin limestones and calcareous shales of Ordovician Age to massive resistant dolomites of Silurian Age; rock tillite; thin-bedded sandstones and shales of early Mississippian Age and black Ohio Shale of Devonian Age; Wisconsinan and Illinoian glacial tills; springs, seeps, and solution caves; oak-hickory and beech-maple woodlands; glacial relict vegetation: yew, walking fern, and Sullivantia; waterfowl and shorebirds [27,53,55].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• In the mid-1800s a bell foundry and farm machinery plant was established in Hillsboro and continued to be operated by its founder’s descendants for over a century [4].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Edwin Hamilton Davis (1811-1888), born in Hillsboro, was one of the nation’s early archaeologists and one of the first to study Fort Hill, a Hopewell Indian hilltop enclosure 20 km southeast of Hillsboro [4,64].

• Dr. Dio Lewis’ lectures on the evils of consuming alcohol inspired the women of Hillsboro, particularly Eliza Jane Thompson, to form the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (1873), a movement which rapidly spread throughout Ohio, the nation, and the world. The Thompson Home, a delightful yellow brick colonial-style house in Hillsboro, was built by her father, Governor Allen Trimble [4].

• Dr. Clara Gertrude Weishaupt (1898-1991), born on a farm near Lynchburg and educated at The Ohio State University (Ph.D., 1935), was Professor of botany at The Ohio State University where she produced her classic Guide to Ohio Plants (1952), Vascular Plants of Ohio (1960), and Descriptive Key to the Grasses of Ohio Based Upon Vegetative Characteristics (1985) [169].

• Dr. Rendell Rhoades (1914-1976), born in Highland County and educated at The Ohio State University (Ph.D., zoology), was a fisheriesies scientist with the Ohio Division of Wildlife, Professor of earth science at Wilmington College, Curator of collections at the Cleveland Museun of Natural History, and Professor and Chairman of Ashland College’s Biology Department (1972-1977). He was a specialist on crayfish and was internationally known for his work on crustaceans [184].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Fort Hill, in Brush Hill Twp., is the best preserved prehistoric Hopewell Indian hilltop enclosure in the State of Ohio and North America. The enclosure (16 hectares) is surrounded by earthen and stone walls 2.6 km long, 2 to 5 m high, and 12 m thick at the base. The wall is broken by 33 openings or gateways 4-6 m wide [56,102].

• Highland County Courthouse, Hillsboro – oldest courthouse in continuous use in Ohio (1834); classic Ionic Greek column leading to a domed octagonal belfry and a roof bristling with chimneys from many fireplaces [37,132,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Hocking County are found in the following locations [12,27,53,55,56,187]:

Benton Twp.: Conkles Hollow & Queer Creek

Benton & Laurel Twps.: Ash Cave, Big Pine Valley, Cantwell Cliffs, Cedar Falls, Hocking Hills State Park & Forest, Old Man's Cave, and Rock House

Falls Twp.: Lake Logan State Park

Good Hope Twp.: Benua Nature Preserve, Beck/Clear Creek Gorge, Marl Bog, Mercer Woods, Rhododendron Ravine, & Rockbridge

Green Twp.: Camp Greenhills

Laurel Twp.: Crane Hollow, Little Rocky Hollow, Rhododendron Hollow, Sheick Hollow & Spruce Run

Perry Twp.: Snortin Ridge

Salt Creek Twp. : Tar Hollow State Park

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Black Hand Sandstone (Mississippian Age) overhangs, rock shelters, caves, and ravines; thin-bedded sandstones, shales, and coal bed of Pennsylvanian Age; dissected Allegheny Plateau; large potholes in stream beds; mixed hardwoods and conifer forests; hemlock (largest in Ohio, 45 m) and yew; lichens, mosses, and liverwort on damp rocks; deer and fox [27,53,55].

• Hocking Hills State Park contains many unique geologic features associated with outcrops of the Black Hand Sandstone (Mississippian Period), including: Ash Cave, Cantwell Cliffs, Cedar Falls, Old Man's Cave, and Rock House [55,56].

• Rockbridge State Nature Preserve, 8 km northwest of Logan, has the largest natural bridge in Ohio, composed of Black Hand Sandstone (30 m long, 3 to 6 m wide, and arches 15 m across a rocky ravine) [27,56].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Hocking Canal (a branch of the Ohio-Erie Canal) was completed in 1838 and furnished an outlet for produce from the formerly isolated Hocking Valley [44].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Thomas Worthington (1773-1827), was a surveyor and statesman who platted the town of Logan (1816) and established the first industry in the county, a sawmill on the Hocking River. Worthington served as Governor of Ohio (1814-1818) and was a founder of the State Library [44].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Hocking Valley Scenic Railway features a 1916 Baldwin steam locomotive, 21-km round trip from Nelsonville to Haydenville and a 40-km round trip from Nelsonville to Logan, including a stop at Robbins Crossing, a recreated 1860s settlers village [46].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Holmes County are found in the following locations [53-56]:

Killbuck Twp.: Van Sickle Woods

Mechanic Twp.: Barr Mills Woods & Troyer Hollow

Prairie Twp.: Killbuck Marsh Wildlife Area

Ripley Twp.: Whispering Hills

Washington Twp.: Lake Fork Valley, Lakeville Lakes & Ponds, & Winterberry Bog

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: hilltop exposures of Massillon Sandstone (Pennsylvanian Age); Wisconsinan end moraine; kame terraces; kettle lakes and bogs; gorge formed by glacial ponding and stream reversal; gorges and waterfalls; mixed hardwood forest rich in herbaceous understory; mature oak forest; hemlock and mountain maple in gorges; tallgrass prairie; winterberry in bogs [53,55,162].

• Giant ground sloth (Megalonyx jeffersoni) from the Pleistocene Ice Age unearthed near Berlin (1890) and an American mastodon (Mammut americanum) discovered in the bed of a post-glacial lake along Martins Creek (1928). The ground sloth is on display at the Orton Museum, The Ohio State University in Columbus and the mastodon at the Killbuck Valley Museum, Killbuck. In the early 1800s, William Goforth excavated the first fossil giant sloth in Ohio near Cincinnati [16,17,105].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Under the leadership of Jacob Amman, German and Swiss settlers broke from the Mennonites to form the Amish sect in Holmes County and established numerous cabinet and buggy shops in the vicinity of Berlin [4].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Kilbuck, Delaware Indian Chief from Holmes County, was once a student at Princeton University [4].

• Dr. Zeno Payne Metcalf (1885-1956), born in Lakeville and educated at The Ohio State University and Harvard University (Ph.D., 1925), was head of the Department of Zoology and Entomology at North Carolina State College, Raleigh, NC. He was President of the American Microscopical Society(1927), the Entomological Society of America (1949), and the Ecological Society of America (1949). A specialist in the insect Order Homoptera, he published a 15-volume work on this group. His brother, Clell Lee Metcalf (1888-1948) was also a noted entomologist: writing, Destructive and Useful Insects (1928), Fundamentals of Insect Life (1932), and Insects, Man’s Chief Competitor (1932) [161].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Victorian House, Millersburg – 28-room Queen Anne-style house built in 1902, features parquet floor, elegant window treatments, hand-painted ceilings, third-floor ballroom, steambath (1920), collection of rare books, historical photographs, and antique medical instruments [46].

• Amish Farm and "Behalt", near Berlin, illustrate the heritage and lifestyle of the Amish and Mennonite people [46].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Huron County are found in the following locations [53,55,187]:

Clarksfield & Wakeman Twps.: Vermilion River Valley

Fairfield Twp.: Camp Conger & Camp Singing River

Norwalk & Ridgefield Twps.: Huron River Valley

Richmond Twp: Willard Bog

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Vermilion River gorges with Berea Sandstone and Ohio Shale outcrops; large calcareous concretions in shale beds; glacial lake bottomland and peat bogs; Defiance Moraine and Norwalk Esker; glacial Lake Maumee beach ridges; Celeryville muck land; hardwood forests; tallgrass prairie; Huron River flood plain and wetlands; bluebirds [53,55,162].

• The city of Bellevue was built over subterranean streams and solution cavities in the underlying limestone (Devonian Period). Before the Environmental Protection Agency forced the city to install a modern sewer system in the early 1970s, the town disposed of its sewage through the sinkholes that honeycombed the area, leading to the underground streams. Unfortunately this practice caused severe pollution problems in artesian wells and springs at lower elevations in the vicinity of Sandusky Bay [94].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• In the late 1930s Huron County was the first Ohio county to have its soils mapped on an aerial photographic base map [11].

• Norwalk Academy was an educational institution of high standings in the mid-1800s with several notable students including President Rutherford B. Hayes and General James B. McPherson [5].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Almon Ruggles was the original surveyor of the area that is now Huron and Erie Counties. In the heart of the tract was the Great Swamp that made surveying difficult, but has now been converted to a rich agricultural district [4].

• William Arnon Henry, born in Norwalk (1850), was Dean of the College of Agriculture, Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, and Professor of agriculture at the University of Wisconsin. He published several agricultural texts, including the classic Feeds and Feeding (1898) [151].

• Wakeman physician, Dr. Edwin E. Beeman, invented Beeman's Pepsin Chewing Gum [105].

• Dr. Otto Emery Jennings (1878-1964), born near Olean and educated at The Ohio State University (1899), was a prominent botanist specializing on the native plants of the Ohio Valley. He first worked at The Ohio State University (including summers at the biological laboratory on Cedar Point near Sandusky) and then moved to the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh. He collected more than 70,000 plant specimens for the Carneige Museum. In 1914 Jennings became Professor and Head of the University of Pittsburgh’s Botany Department, in 1935 he was named Head of the Biology Department, and in 1946 he became Director of the Carneige Museum [184].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Norwalk Historic District, West Main Street – fine residential district with styles ranging from Prairie to Federal [37].

• Octagonal House, Monroeville – interior follows the octagon arrangement with odd wedge-shaped rooms fanning from a central stairway which winds to a glassed cupola on the roof [4,109].

• Firelands Museum, Norwalk – Federal-style house (1835); American Indian, pioneer, and natural history exhibits [46]

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Jackson County are found in the following locations [53,55,56,187]:

Jackson Twp.: Canter's Cave

Jefferson Twp.: Jackson Lake State Park

Liberty Twp.: Big Rock, Bowle's Gulch, Hagerty Gulch, Lake Katharine, Laurel Run, Liberty Wildlife Area, Rock Run, Weaver Hollow, & Whites Gulch

Madison Twp.: Black Fork Swamp & Cooper Hollow Wildlife Area

Milton Twp.: Lake Alma State Park

Washington Twp.: Richland Furnace State Forest

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: dissected Allegheny Plateau with Sharon Conglomerate promontories and overhangs; Pennsylvanian coal beds; glacial relict vegetation in moist ravines; northern limit of bigleaf and umbrella magnolia; oak-hickory and swamp forests; tallgrass prairie; bottomland flora and sphagnum bogs; rare mosses; grouse and woodcock [53,55,162].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Jackson was the center of an early salt boiling industry (1798) along the banks of Salt Creek. The salinity of the water was not high- requiring up to 127 liters of water to make 1 kg of salt (0.8 % salt versus 3.4 % for typical seawater). On the Ohio frontier salt was scarce and highly prized for seasoning and meat preservation [94].

• Buckeye Furnace, in Milton Twp., is a restored 1852 charcoal-fired iron blast furnace and one of the few remaining in the once flourishing Hanging Rock Iron Region (40-km wide belt extending from Logan, OH to Mt. Savage, KY). This region produced charcoal iron from 1818 to 1916, and during the Civil War was one of the leading iron producers in the nation. Much of the iron used in the armament of that period came from the furnaces of the Hanging Rock Iron Region. The iron used to sheathe the famous Union ironclad, Monitor, was produced at Jefferson Furnace, 3 km west of Oak Hill in Jefferson Twp. The source of iron for Buckeye Furnace was a narrow bed lying on top of the Vanport Limestone (Pennsylvanian Period) [14,55,56,65,94].

• Wellston, founded in 1873, was a center of iron and coal production in the late 1800s. The first industry was the Wellston Coal and Iron Company which constructed a double blast furnace in 1874. Wihin a decade the town had grown to 5,000 inhabitants and its reputation as an industrial center was firmly established [94].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Leo Petroglyph, in a sandstone ravine near Leo, is an outstanding example of prehistoric Indian inscriptions chiseled into the bedrock (Sharon Conglomerate). The 37 carvings of humans, animals (owl, hawk, bear, and snake), and footprints are believed to have been made by the late Fort Ancient Indians (1400-1650 AD) [13,14, 55, 56,102].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Buckeye Furnace (1851-1874), one of 69 charcoal iron furnaces of the famous Hanging Rock Iron Region of southeastern Ohio and northern Kentucky is located near Roads. A plaque commemorating this early industry was erected at the site by the Ohio Society of Professional Engineers [102].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Jefferson County are found in the following locations [12,53,55,56]:

Cross Creek Twp.: Fernwood State Forest

Island Creek Twp.: Alikanna Valley

Knox Twp.: Austin Lake & Kaul Wildlife Area

Ross Twp.: Yellow Creek Gorge

Ross & Salem Twps.: Jefferson Lake State Park

Salem Twp.: Brush Creek Wildlife Area

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: sandstones, shales, limestones, and coal of Pennsylvanian Age; deeply dissected Allegheny Plateau; waterfalls; mixed oak forest; elm-ash-cottonwood and beech-maple forest stands; hemlock in gorges; four-toed salamander; beaver dams, huts, and bank dens [53,55].

• Heaviest measured Ohio snowfall in a 3-day period, 91.4 cm, fell on Steubenville in November 1950. [33].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• First coal mine in what is now the State of Ohio was opened in Jefferson County (1800). By 1871, State Geologist J. S. Newberry considered coal as the " mainspring of our civilization" and in retrospect, coal, perhaps more than an other commodity, has been of integral importance in the industrial development of Ohio and the nation. In 1970, Ohio achieved its all-time-high annual coal production of 55 million tons [11,32].

• Near Mount Pleasant, the nation's first silk factory was founded by Thomas White (1841) in conjunction with a 10-hectare mulberry orchard and cocoonery [37,105].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Bezaleel Wells founded Steubenville in 1797, introduced merino sheep to the region, and established a thriving wool manufacturing industry. By the 1820s Steubenville was the third largest city in Ohio and suits of "Steubenville Wool" were very fashionable [4].

• Ezekiel C. Hawkins (1808-1862), born in Baltimore. MD and raised in Steubenville, was the pioneer photographer of the West. He was the first to use collodion in the preparation of the glass on which negatives are taken [40].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• The first Federal land office in the Seven Ranges of the Northwest Territory, a log building, was built by David Hoge in Steubenville (1801). This building has been preserved by the citizens of Jefferson County [102].

• Friends Meetinghouse, Mt. Pleasant – large, three-story brick church (1814), capable of seating 2,000 people, located in a picturesque early 19th century village [37].

• Mt. Pleasant Historic District, Mt. Pleasant – located near the Ohio River. The town was a center of anti-slavery activities and had many "stations" on the underground railroad [141].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Knox County are found in the following locations [12,27,53,55,56,187]:

Berlin Twp.: Knox Lake Wildlife Area

Harrison Twp.: Arbutus Glen

Jackson Twp.: Wakatomika Creek

Middlebury Twp.: Kokosing Lake Wildlife Area

Miller Twp.: Clippinger Marsh

Monroe Twp.: Knox Wood State Nature Preserve

Union Twp.: Mohican River Wildlife Area

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: sandstone and shale outcrops along Mohican River (Mississippian Age); Wisconsinan and Illinoian glacial deposits; dissected, glaciated Allegheny Plateau; Kokosing River flood plain; oak-hickory and beech-maple forests; hemlock in sandstone gorges; wild cherry and black walnut; marshes; heron nests [27,53,55].

• Centerburg, located in southwestern Knox County, is the geographical center of Ohio. Centerburg also lies amid the five natural regions that form Ohio. To the northwest is the Lake Plain, an extremely flat area that slopes very gently toward Lake Erie. Once the bottom of a larger glacial lake, this poorly drained area was formerly known as the Great Black swamp until it was drained by farmers in the late 1800s. To the south of the Lake Plain and east of a line running roughly through Centerburg is the rolling Till Plain region, a rich farming area named for the glacial deposits left behind when the glaciers retreated from Ohio. To the southeast rugged hills, cliffs, and waterfalls are part of the Unglaciated Appalachian Plateau, a region not smoothed by the ice masses from the north. In contrast, the Glaciated Plateau which covers northeastern Ohio and a wedge between the Till Plain and the Unglaciated Plateau in central Ohio is less wild and more suitable for agriculture. Lastly, a small area in Adams County in the southern tip of Ohio is part of the Bluegrass Region that gives neighboring Kentucky its nickname [94].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Charles Ezra Scribner, Mt. Vernon native, perfected the telephone switchboard and obtained several related patents in the late 1800s [37].

• Head and raised arm of the renovated Statue of Liberty (1987), New York Harbor, was built by J. B. Foote Foundary of Fredericktown [122].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Columbus Delano (1809-1895), born in Vermont and raised in Mt. Vernon, served as US Secretary of Interior (1870-1875) under President Ulysses S. Grant. Delano and his chief geologist Dr. F. V. Hayden were instrumental in the creation of the nations first national park, Yellowstone National Park (1 March 1871). As a young man, Delano worked in the wool industry at Lexington in Richland County (1831). Delano's predecessor as Secretary of Interior (1869-1870), Jacob D. Cox (1828-1900), was also an Ohioian who was educated at Oberlin College and practiced law in Warren [52,71].

• Ann Ball Bickerdyke (1817-1901), born in Knox County and educated at Oberlin College, was the county's first war nurse, serving in the Civil War on the Western Front with the Union Army. She established laundries and diet kitchens at 19 battle sites [33,153].

• Sophia McIlvaine Bledsoe Herrick (1837-1919), born in Gambier, was Associate Editor of the Southern Review, Baltimore (1875-1878) and Scribner’s Magazine (1878-1907) where she demonstrated a strong interest in science and a talent for illustrating her observations. In this field she published several books: including, The Wonders of Plant Life under the Microscope (1883), The Earth in Past Ages (1888), and Public School Physiology: Perversion of Truth and Science in the Name of Temperance (1908) [152,153].

• Dr. Carl Djerassi, born in Vienna, Austria (1923) and educated at Kenyon College, Gambier (B.A., organic chemistry, 1942), discovered methods for determining complex organic molecular structure which led to the development of oral contraceptives, antihistamines, and anti-inflammatory agents. Dr. Djerassi was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1978 [23].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Russell-Cooper House, Mount Vernon – originally constructed as a modest Federal-style residence (1829), was transformed into a Tudor-Italianate, Victorian-Gothic villa (1895). The Russell-Cooper House was the home of two prominent Ohio families: Dr. John Russell, physician and surgeon, was the first American to employ a female physician, Dr. Jane Payne (1852); Colonel William Cooper, Dr. Russell’s son-in-law, was a distinguished attorney, US Congressman, and Ohio’s Adjutant General [163].

• Kenyon College, Gambier – picturesque Gothic Revival-style campus; includes Peter Neff House, an archetype of Carpenter Gothic architecture [37].

• Round Hill, Mount Vernon – impressive, large mid-19th century Italianate estate [37].

• Knox County Courthouse, Mount Vernon – pilastered brick Doric temple with Ionic clock tower (1856) [131.132,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Lake County are found in the following locations [12,27,53-56,187]:

Concord Twp.: Cascade Falls & Little Mountain

Kirtland Twp.: Chapin State Forest, Holden Arboretum, Kitts Gully, & Penitentiary Gulch

Leroy Twp.: Hell's Hollow, Indian Point, & Paine Hollow

Leroy & Madison Twps.: Grand River Gorge

Leroy, Madison, & Perry Twp.: Lake County Metropolitan Parks

Madison Twp.: Kimball Woods, Mill Creek Hogback, & Palisades Woods

Mentor Twp.: Mentor Marsh

Painesville Twp.: Headlands Beach State Park & Headlands Dunes

Perry Twp.: Red Mill Swamp

Willoughby Twp.: Hach-Otis Sanctuary & Wickliffe Natural Area

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: "islands" of Sharon Conglomerate elevated above surrounding terrain; Chagrin Shale (Devonian Period) exposed in steep river bluffs; Lake Plain and glaciated Allegheny Plateau; Portage escarpment; hogback on Grand River; Lake Erie beach and sand dunes; mixed mesophytic forests; mature red oak, cucumber, and tuliptree stands; white pine, hemlock, and Canada fly honeysuckle in ravines; tallgrass prairies; poison sumac, skunk cabbage, and royal ferns; virgin swamp forests, coastal marshes, and open water; prothonotary warbler nests [27,53,55,162].

• Portions of the Chagrin River Valley in Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, and Portage Counties (79 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1979) [27].

• Portions of the Grand River Valley in Ashtabula and Lake Counties (90 km) have been designated as a State Wild and Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1974) [27].

• First salt mine opened beneath Lake Erie is located at Fairport Harbor (1956) at a depth of 617 m. The salt seam (Silurian Period) was 6.7 m thick and the mining technique used was the "room and pillar" concept. Full production of the mine reached 500 tons of rock salt per hour in the late 1960s. This mine is considered the deepest salt mine in the United States [11,105].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Prehistoric Erie Indians built fortifications across a ridge between Paine Creek and Grand River east of Painesville during the period 1200-1650 AD. Two earthen walls, each 1 to 2 m high and from 30 to 45 m long, now mark the place where a stockade of wooden posts with soil piled at its base once stood. The stockade and the naturally steep embackment of the ridge provided a safe location for an Erie village. Many such stockaded villages and ceremonial sites have been discovered on high bluffs in northeastern Ohio. The Erie Culture was destroyed by the Iroquois Indians in 1653 [102].

• Dr. John Delemater, of Willoughby, was the first to use a microscope in Ohio (1839). Delemater purchased the microscope in New York from Charles A. Spencer (1838), who only three months earlier had begun to manufacture them. Delemater used the microscope in his teaching and research at the medical department of Lake Erie University and later at the forerunner of Western Reserve University [183].

• William Penfield, of Willoughby, invented a tile-making machine which facilitated the draining of the Great Black Swamp in northwestern Ohio. Penfield first exhibited his machine at the Ohio State Fair in Cincinnati (1850). Developments such as this spawned the drain tile industry in Ohio, including the Baughman Tile Company at Paulding (1883) and the Hancock Brick and Tile Company at Findlay (1902).

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• James A. Garfield (1831-1881), 20th President of the United States and resident of Mentor (Lawnfield), was influential in the establishment of the US Geological Survey and the funding of several geological investigations in the West. Garfield was an active attendee at scientific lectures and had cordial relations with several prominent 19th century scientists, including Ferdinand Hayden (1829-1887) and John Westley Powell (1834-1902). The Garfield Monument in Cleveland’s Lake View Cemetery contains the remains of Garfield, his wife, daughter, and son-in-law (Joseph Stanley-Brown, a geologist who also served as secretary to Powell and later to the President) [140].

• James R. Garfield (1865-1950), son of President James A. Garfield and raised at Lawnfield in Mentor, served as US Secretary of Interior under President Theodore Roosevelt (1907-1909). Garfield, and his chief forester Gifford Pinchot, translated President Roosevelt's "wise use" policy toward natural resources into a national conservation movement to protect the environment [34,52].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• The Fairport Harbor Lighthouse was originally built in 1825 (designed by Jonathan Goldsmith) and replaced in 1871 with the present structure – a well-proportioned tower constructed of Berea Sandstone which has been recognized as an outstanding engineering achievement [102].

• Kirtland Temple, Kirtland – first Mormon temple (1833-1836); combines classical and Gothic elements [37].

• Lake County Courthouse, Painesville – Greek Revival style, massive Doric portico above which stands a clock tower and a dome on which a bronze eagle is perched with outspread wings (1907; J. Milton Dyer, architect). The nearby old brick courthouse (1840; George Mygatt, architect) also had a heavy Doric columns and an octagonal domed-crowned cupola and is now used as the Painesville City Hall [131,132,133].

Lawnfield, Mentor – home and library of James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States [56].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Lawrence County are found in the following locations [27,53,55,56,187]:

Decatur Twp.: Dean State Forest

Elizabeth Twp.: Lake Vesuvius

Mason Twp.: Anderson Compass Plant Prairie & Clark Woods

Symmes & Upper Twps.: Wayne National Forest

Upper Twp.: Alpha Quarries

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Pennsylvanian Age sandstones, limestones, and coal beds cut by stream valleys; Vanport Limestone and associated ferriferous ore; dissected Allegheny Plateau; mixed oak forest; tallgrass prairie; compass plant; pileated woodpeckers and grouse [27,53,55,162].

• Dean State Forest (1916) became the first forest area acquired by the State (along with another tract in Athens County), marking the beginning of the State Forest system in Ohio. The original 600-hectare tract was purchased for $6,750. Experimental plantings of many tree species were conducted at both forests with varying degrees of success [11].

• South Point is the most southerly point of Ohio (Latitude: 38° 24' N), overlooking three states (Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia) and the Ohio River [94].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Alanson Gillett, on his family's orchard near Proctorville in Rome Twp., developed the world famous "Rome Beauty" apple from stock his father, Joel, obtained from the Rufus Putnam Nursery in Marietta (1816). This apple rose to great popularity throughout the country and abroad, becoming a standard product in many orchards. Alanson Gillett was also an accomplished carpenter and steamboat builder in Lawrence County [86,92,94].

• Lawerence County, centrally located in the Hanging Rock Iron Region, had 23 blast furnaces construced between 1826 and 1909: Union, Pine Grove, Aetna, Vesuvius, Buckhorne, Mt. Vernon, Hecla, Lawrence, La Grange, Centre, Olive, Washington, Oak Ridge, Pioneer, Monitor, Belfont, Grant, Etna-Alice, Etna-Blance, Maggie, Sarah, Hamilton, and Ironton. Pig-iron produced by these furnaces was considered the best in the world and the best of the best was that from the Hecla Furnace, 5 km east of Ironton. During the Civil War, Hecla's iron was used solely for casting ordnance, but its chief use during peacetime was for the manufacture of railroad car wheels. The average life of an ordinary car wheel was about 130,000 km, compared to the 320,000 km expected of a Hecla wheel. The last charcoal furnace operating in the area was the Pine Grove Furnace [94,102].

• Lawrence County Commissioners adopted a seal in 1895 that depicted the county's main industries: an iron furnace, a Rome Beauty Apple, and a steamboat. The county’s Ohio River towns (Ironton, South Point, and Rome) contributed native sons who played a major role in the steamboat river trade of the American interior. Between 1860 and 1880, men born in Lawrence County controlled approximately 75% of the packet boat trade on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. W. F. Davidson, of South Point, was the largest single owner of boats (40), during this period and Lawrence County men controlled more steamboat property than any other County on inland rivers. These men had the reputation of being some of the best pilots, masters, and engineers on the inland rivers [94].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• John Campbell, born in Brown County, became the master ironmaster of the Hanging Rock Iron Region in the 1840s and founder the mill town of Ironton (1849). His furnaces and mills supplied much of the iron for Union Army weaponry during the early years of the Civil War [42].

• Harlan Henthorne Hatcher, born in Ironton (1898) and educated at The Ohio State University (Ph.D., 1927), was a noted Ohio historian and university administrator. He wrote, The Buckeye Country: A Pageant of Ohio (1940), The Great Lakes (1944), Lake Erie (1945), The Western Reserve: The Story of New Connecticut in Ohio (1949), and A Pictorial History of the Great Lakes (1963). Hatcher was Vice President of The Ohio State University (1948-1951) and President of the University of Michigan [152,153].

• John Albert Blank (1878-1947), born in Meyerstown, PA and long-time resident of the Ironton area, was a noted chemical engineer and was well-known in the cement and limestone industry in the United States and Mexico. While working as Chief Superintendent of the Wellston Iron Furnace Company, he developed Wifco Super Mortar, one of the earliest brands of patented masonary cement (1926-1932) [171].

• Dr. Charles Elliso MacQuigg (1885-1952), born in Ironton and educated at The Ohio State University (1909), was a mechanical engieer and metallurgist. After work on industial and military assignments for nearly 30 years, he was named Dean of Engineering at The Ohio State University (1937-1952) where he also served as Director of the Engineering Experiment Station [184].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Old Lawrence County Courthouse, Burlington – square, two-story brick building surmounted by a hip roof and central cupola, used from 1818 to 1852, is Ohio’s oldest standing courthouse building [133].

• Union Furnace (1826), built by John Means in Elizabeth Twp. near Pine Grove, was the first of 46 Ohio charcoal-fired blast furnaces built in the Hanging Rock Iron Region of southern Ohio and northeastern Kentucky. The name was derived from a high sandstone bluff, Hanging Rock, located 5 km downstream from Ironton and 4 km south of Union Furnace. [65].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Licking County are found in the following locations [53-56,187]:

Eden Twp.: Rocky Fork

Fallsbury Twp.: Wakatomika Creek

Franklin Twp.: Bauman Woods

Granville Twp.: Denison Reserve

Hanover Twp.: Black Hand Gorge

Hopewell Twp.: Flint Ridge

Liberty Twp.: Morris Woods

Licking Twp.: Dawes Aboretum

Licking & Union Twps.: Buckeye Lake State Park

McKean Twp.: Clear Fork

Union Twp.: Cranberry Bog & Hebron National Fish Hatchery

Washington Twp.: Smoot Lake & Torrens Bog

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Black Hand sandstone cliffs; flint outcrop and quarry; Wisconsinan and Illinoian glacial deposits; glacial kettle lake; foothills of the Applachian Plateau; stream reversal; mixed hardwoods on hillsides and hemlock in ravines; hilltops vegetated with Virginia pine, oak, maple, and mountain laurel; flood plains with growths of equisetum, cottonwood, and sycamore; relict boreal bogs; floating sphagnum island; aquatic animals [53,55].

• Cranberry Bog, Union Township, is believed to be the world's only floating cranberry bog. This 8-hectare bog island is mostly composed sphagnum moss (Sphagnum sp.) and is only a remnant of a once extensive wetland in the valley now occupied by Buckeye Lake. In 1925 the valley was dammed to create a feeder reservoir for the Ohio-Erie Canal. A sizable portion of the sphagnum moss, now known as Cranberry Bog, broke from the valley floor and rose with the water to its present position. Most of the island is an open sphagnum meadow with an abundance of cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon), pitcher-plants (Sarracenia purpurea), poison sumac (Rhus vernix), and orchids (Calopogon pulchellus) [27,29].

• Dawes Arboretum was established by the B. G. Dawes family at Jacksontown (1929). The 200-hectare arboretum contains over 1,300 varieties of trees, many of them descendants of historic trees such as the Charter Oak where Connecticut's charter was hidden from the royal governor in the 17th century and Ohio's Logan Elm, an ancient tree that stood at Circleville (Pickaway County) under which Chief Logan in 1774 made his eloquent indictment of the white man's cruelties to his race [4, 14].

• Flint Ridge, extending from east of Newark almost to Zanesville, is the most outstanding occurrence of flint in Ohio. The striking variety of colors (pink, green, blue, yellow, white, and black) found the Vanport Flint formation of southeastern Licking County have caused the flint to be prized as a semi-precious gem stone (in 1965 the Ohio General Assembly designated flint as Ohio's official gem stone). As far back as 9,000 BC prehistoric Indians quarried flint from this location for tools, utensils, and weapons [33,102].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• John Chapman (aka Johnny Appleseed) established an orchard (1801) south of Newark in what is now the Beard-Green Cemetery within Dawes Aboretum [102].

• Groundbreaking at Licking Summit (divide between the Licking and Scioto Rivers near Newark) for the Ohio-Erie Canal (4 July 1825) which connected Cleveland on the Lake Erie shore with Portsmouth on the Ohio River. Governors DeWitt Clinton of New York and Jeremiah Morrow of Ohio officiated at the event which embarked Ohio on its first water-related public works. A monumental undertaking, it sparked new engineering technology and a tremendous economic incentive for agricultural development. The first boat on the canal, State of Ohio, was launched on her maiden voyage 4 July 1827 and traveled 70 km from Portage Summit near Akron to Cleveland, a drop in elevation of 120 m that required 42 locks. On board the State of Ohio was Ohio Governor Allen Trimble and Alfred Kelley mayor of the Village of Cleveland. Kelley was a leading proponent of the Canal Act of 1825 and left his law practice to supervise the canal construction. The Ohio-Erie Canal has been called the largest engineering earthwork in the then history of the world. The canal allowed farm products to flow to Lake Erie, establishing Cleveland as an important Great Lakes terminal port and within a decade bringing prosperity to Ohio [2,20].

• The discovery of new gas fields in Licking County in the early 1900s attracted five glass companies to Utica. From 1903 to 1929 Utica developed as a center for the hand-made window industry [94].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Dr. Bentley Ball Fulton (1889-1960), born in Newark and educated at The Ohio State University and Iowa State University (Ph.D., 1926), was Professor of entomology at North Carolina State University (1928-1954) and noted for superb biological illustrations, particularly of tree crickets. His research consituted the principle groundwork for the classification of North American crickets [161].

• Dr. Arthur Ward Lindsley (1894-1963), born in Iowa and educated at Morningside College, was Professor and Chairman of the Department of Zoology at Denison University, Grandville (1922-1960). Lindsey, an expert on the butterfly group Hesperiodea, was the author of five textbooks on general zoology, evolution, and genetics as well as many entomological papers [161].

• Dr. George R. Stibitz (1904-1995), born in York, PA and a graduate of Denison University, Granville (Ph.D., applied mathematics, 1926), is internationally recognized as the "Father of the Modern Digital Computer" and received 34 patents for his inventions [23].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• The Moundbuilders State Memorial is a large complex of geometric earthworks and a museum located in Newark. The Newark Earthworks were originally one of the largest earthworks in the country, covering an area of several square kilometers. Many of the prehistoric structures have been erased by the city's development. The builders were the Hopewell Indians (100 BC to 500 AD). The Moundbuilders museum is the nation's first museum devoted exclusively to prehistoric American Indian art. This is one of three prehistoric Hopewell Indian sites in the Newark area; the other two include Octagon Earthworks and Wright Earthworks [102].

• National Heisey Glass Museum, Newark – museum is in a Greek Revival house (1831) and contains some of the finest handmade American tableware of the Heisey Company (1896-1957) [111].

• Avery-Downer House, Granville – imposing Greek Revival House (1842) with full portico and wings [37].

• Home Building Association Bank, Newark – one of eight midwest banks designed by Chicago architect Louis Sullivan, who with Frank Lloyd Wright was a founder of modern architecture. Sullivan designed this two-story, high-ceilinged building in 1914 [37,111].

• Oakwood, Newark - only remaining house designed by A. J. Davis and landscaped by Andrew Jackson Downing, the two national leaders of the mid-19th century romantic movement [37].

• Licking County Historical Society Museum, Newark – Federal-style house (1820) with pedimented fan doorway and two-story recessed porch topped by a low elliptical arch (also know as Sherwood-Davidson House) [125].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Logan County are found in the following locations [12,53,55,56,187]:

Bloomfield & Washington Twps.: Van Gorder Woods

Harrison Twp.: Silver Lake

Jefferson Twp.: Jerusalem Falls & Zane Caves

Liberty Twp.: Liberty/Owens Fen

Miami Twp.: Black Lake and Great Miami Woods

Monroe Twp.: Kirkmont Center, Mad River Valley, & Prall Woods

Perry Twp.: Reams Woods

Pleasant Twp.: Soper Woods

Richland, Stokes, & Washington Twps.: Indian Lake State Park

Union Twp.: McCracken Cemetery Bog

Zane Twp.: Transportation Research Center Forest

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Silurian dolomite bedrock; Bellefontaine outlier underlain by Devonian limestones; solution caves with stalactites and stalagmites; Wisconsinan end moraines; glacial kettle lakes and bogs in a kame complex; mixed oak-hickory forests; virgin sugar maple forest; flood plain and swamp forests; tallgrass prairies; marshes with muskrat [53,55,162].

• Highest elevation in the State located at the summit of Campbell Hill, east of Bellefontaine, at 472 m above sea level. This point is 340 m above the Ohio River at Cincinnati and 290 m above Lake Erie [33].

• Zane Caverns, near Zanesfield, consists of a labyrinth of caves and tunnels, broad underground chambers, lofty corridors, and solid rock walls of amber color created by 11 million years of underground water erosion. Water seeping through the limestone and dripping down on the rocks below has created distinctive beehive crystals and rare cave pearls [45,163].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• George W. Bartholomew of the Buckeye Cement Company, and his contractor William T. G. Snyder, laid the first concrete street in America along Main Street in Bellfontaine (1891). These pioneers conducted exhaustive research on the native marl deposits they used to make the cement and the proper foundation and drainage design for the project. Parts of the original concrete street are still uncovered and have been in continual use for over a century [33,94,100].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Near the end of the Civil War, "Dr." Earl S. Stone of Zanesfield produced a liniment based on a formula developed by his father and promoted it throughout the country. With his company's profits, Slone built and endowed the Dr. Slone Library in Zanesfield (1914). His estate provided $1.5 million to the Slone Industrial School (1923), a vocational training department of the Bellefontaine High School (1923) [4].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Piatt Castles, West Liberty – located in the Mad River Valley, these two historic homes were modeled after a Norman French chateau and a Flemish chateau [69].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Lorain County are found in the following locations [12,53,55,56,141]:

Amherst Twp.: Jones Natural Area & Whittlesey Ridge

Brownhelm Twp.: Chance Creek & Vermilion River Reservation

Columbia Twp.: Emmons Wood

Elyria & Lorain: Lorain County Metropolitan Parks encircling Lorain and Elyria

Elyria & Sheffield Twp.: Black River Reservation

Henrietta Twp.: Otto Schoepfle Arboretum

Huntington Twp.: Findley State Park & Wellington Wildlife Area

Rochester Twp.: Babcock Sugarbush

Sheffield Village: French Creek Reservation

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Devonian and Mississippian shale in deeply entrenched river valleys; Mississippian sandstone (Berea Formation) outcrops and quarries; Lake Plain and Wisconsinan Till Plain; Defiance end moraine; abandoned beach ridges of post-glacial lakes; flood plains and bottomlands; beech-maple woodlands; hemlock in ravines; migrating waterfowl; great horned owl [53,55].

• In the gorge of the Black River at Elyria a huge rock fall occurred on 23 July 1872. A block of sandstone estimated at 4,500 tons (30 m long x 8 m wide x 10 m thick) and 2,000 tons of broken stone fell about 12 m to the bottom of the gorge just below the east falls, creating an earthquake-like tremor which stunned the town's people [44].

• Giant placoderm fish fossil Dunklerosteus terrelli discovered in Cleveland Shale (Devonian Period) bluffs of Lake Erie by J. Terrell at Sheffield Lake and described by Dr. John S. Newberry in 1875; specimen on display in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History [8,9].

• Amherst is known as the "Sandstone Center of the World" because of nearby massive deposits of exceptional high quality sandstone, used for building stone and grindstones. The largest sandstone quarries in the world are located at South Amherst, 220 m long, 180 m wide, and 52 m deep. Known commercially as Amherst sandstone (Berea Formation: Mississippian Period), it was quarried for the construction of such noted buildings as the Canadian Parliament in Ottawa, Michigan State Capitol in Lansing, and the US Post Office in Columbus [5,59,94].

• Lorain Tornado of 28 June 1924 was the worst to strike Ohio, killing 85 people and leaving 10,000 homeless in Lorain and Erie Counties [122].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Vermilion is named for its red clay (derived from the Bedford Shale; Mississippian Period) which was used by the Erie Indians to make pottery, medicines, and paint. The Erie Culture was destroyed by the Iroquois Indians in 1653 [94].

• M/V Roger Blough, the largest ship ever built totally on the Great Lakes, has a length of 262 m and a carrying capacity of 45,000 tons;.the ship's self-unloading facilities are capable of removing taconite pellets from her hold at a rate of 10,000 tons per hour She was built as ore carrier by the American Ship Building Company in Lorain for the United States Steel Corporation (1972) [37, 39].

• Creation of a joint venture between Japan’s Kobe Steel and United States Steel in 1989, known as USS/Kobe Steel Company, is credited with saving the aging Lorain steel mill from closing. Shortly after the joint venture was formed, a $400 million modernization of the facility on the Black River was begun which transformed it to one of the world’s state-of-the-art steel makers, employing 2,700 workers. In 1995, the 100th Anniversary of the founding of the first steel mill in Lorain, USS/Kobe produced a record 2.34 million tons of raw steel, including both bar and tubular steel products [95].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Caroline Mary Rudd (c 1820-1892), born in Connecticut and lived in Cincinnati, received the first diploma granted to a woman by a college (Oberlin College) of the United States (1841) [153].

• Lucy Sessions was the first black woman in the United States to earn a college degree. She graduated from Oberlin College in 1850 [33].

• John Wesley Powell (1834-1902), noted geologist, explorer of the Grand Canyon, and Director of the US Bureau of Ethnology, was educated at Oberlin College [147].

• George Frederick Wright (1838-1921), born in New York and educated at Oberlin College, was an early proponent of the glacial theory. He served on the geology faculty of Oberlin College (1881-1907) and published some 600 magazine articles and several books, including: The Glacial boundary in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentuckey (1884), The Ice Age in North America and its Bearing upon the Antiquity of Man (1889), Greenland Ice Fields and Life in the North Atlantic (1896), and Origin and Atiquity of Man (1912) [152].

• While a chemistry student at Oberlin College, Charles Martin Hall (1863-1914) developed the electrolytic method (Hall-Heroult process) for economically refining aluminum from bauxite ore (1885). In 1890, Hall became Vice-President of the company that later became known as the Aluminum Company of America. He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1976 [23].

• Dr. Charles Henry Tyler Townsend (1863-1944), born in Oberlin, was a noted international entomologist, spending much of his career eradicating insect-transmitted diseases in South America. Besides his insects research, he published papers and books on topics such as biological control, economic biology, taxonomy, theory of gravity, and the mmo’s origin [161].

• Admiral Ernest J. King (1878-1956), born in Lorain and educated at the US Naval Academy (1897-1901), was Commander of the Navy’s New London Submarine Base (1923), Chief of the Navy’s Bureau of Aeronautics (1933), and Commander-in-Chief of the United States Fleet during World War II. While assigned to the Submarine Command, he developed methods for recovering sunken ships and received Distinguished Service Medals for salvaging the S-51 off Block Island (1925) and the S-4 off Provincetown, MA (1927). In 1927 he qualified as a Navy flyer and was given command the aeroplane tender Wright. From then on, King’s career was spent largely on furthering the development of naval aviation [153,154].

• Dewey D. Knowles, born in Lorain (1899), was an electronics engineer who invented the "electric eye." He was head of the Westinghouse Tube Research Laboratory [153].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Oberlin College, founded at Oberlin in 1833, was the first co-educational college in the United States and the first to admit black students. Today, Oberlin College is a thriving institution with an attractive campus and 3,000 students. Tappen Square is surrounded by the buildings of several important architects. Cass Gilbert, of Zanesville, designed five campus buildings including the classical Allen Memorial Art Museum which has a startlingly contrasting addition by Venturi and Rauch. The Conservatory of Music building by Minoru Yamasaki illustrates his modern lacy Gothic style [37,40,94].

• Wellington Historic District, Wellington – 113 buildings in this town are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including the Spirit of ‘76 Museum, commemerating native son Archibald M. Willard (1836-1918) and his painting, one of the best known patriotic paintings ever produced in the United States [141].

• Hickories Museum, Elyria – 29-room Victorian mansion with Tiffany-style windows (1894; Aurthur Oviatt, architect) [163].

• Lorain Lighthouse, Lorain – located on Lorain Harbors West Breakwater, built by the US Army Corps of Engineers (1917) [141].

• FAA Air Traffic Control Center, Oberlin – monitors and routes IFR air traffic over the midwestern United States and Canada [105].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Lucas County are found in the following locations [12,27,53,55,56,187]:

Harding & Spenser Twps: Kitty Todd Dunes

Jerusalem Twp.: Cedar Point National Wildlife Refuge, Crane Creek State Park, Magee Marsh, Metzger Marsh Wildlife Area, Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge, & Pintail Marsh

Maumee: Audubon Islands

Monclova, Providence, & Waterville Twps.: Maumee Scenic River

Monclova & Swanton Twps.: Toledo Express Airport Wetlands

Oregon Twp.: Maumee Bay State Park & Pearson Park

Spencer Twp.: Irwin Prairie State Nature Preserve & Schwamberger Prairie

Springfield Twp.: Campbell Oak Openings & Centennial Prairie

Springfield & Swanton Twps.: Oak Openings

Swanton Twp.: Reed Prairie

Sylvania Twp.: Medusa Quarry

Toledo: Toledo Metropolitan Parks encircling Toledo

Waterville Twp.: Missionary Island Wildlife Area

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Dundee Limestone (fossiliferous) capped by Silica Shale (Devonian Period) in quarries; Bowling Green fault in Bass Island Dolomite; Lake Plain and abandoned beach ridges of post-glacial lakes; mixed hardwood forests; ash-elm-red maple woods; pin oak-maple swamp forests; oak openings; tallgrass and wet prairies; sundew and yellow fringed orchid; dense bottomland vegetation; Lake Erie coastal marshes and barrier beaches; spotted turtle; waterfowl and shorebirds [27,53,55,162].

• Portions of the Maumee River Valley in Defiance, Henry, Lucas, Paulding, and Wood Counties (155 km) have been designated as a State Scenic and Recreational River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1974) [27].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Ohio's first operational railroad line was established from Toledo to Adrian, MI using horse power (1836) [105].

• The discovery of natural gas in northwestern Ohio in the 1880s brought about an explosion of industrial growth in the Maumee River Valley. Toledo, with its advantagous position on Lake Erie and abundant nearby supplies of high-silica sandstone (Sylvania Sandstone; Devonian Period), soon became the "Glass Center of the World" [94].

• Toledo Scale Company, established in 1901, developed into the world's largest manufacturers of automatic scales and precision force-measuring instruments [50].

• First radio broadcasting station was established in the National Bank Building, Toledo by Dr. Lee deForest and Frank Buttler (1907) [33].

• First practical rectangular television tube was announced in Toledo (1949) [105].

• Toledo is the largest coal-shipping port in the United States [105].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Edward Drummond Libbey (1854-1925), of East Cambridge MA, relocated his glass factory to Toledo, bringing with him more than 100 glass craftsmen and founding the Libbey Glass Company of Toledo (1888). His first products were high-grade crystalware and lamp globes. Later, Libbey hired master glass blower Michael Owens from Wheeling, WV as superintendent of his Toledo plant and together they revolutionized the glass industry. Owens invented an automatic foot pedal to open molds, thereby eliminating much of the child labor from the industry, followed by a semi-automatic device to make drinking glasses, and finally an automatic bottle machine (1903). In 1905, the Owens Bottle Machine Company and the Owens European Bottle Machine Company were formed to meet the worldwide demand for low-priced bottles. In 1930, the major Toledo and Rossford (Wood County) glass manufacturers merged into the Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company. In 1951 this company was commissioned by the US Government to encase the Declaration of Independence in "Thermopane" glass [50,94].

• Dr. Carl John Drake (1885-1965), born in Eaglesville and educated at The Ohio State University (Ph.D., 1921), was head of the Department of Zoology and Entomology at Iowa State University (1922-1946) and Honorary Research associate at the National Museum, Washington, DC (1957-1965). He was a specialist in solving farm problems related to insect pests, particularly grasshoppers, chinch bugs, and corn borers [161].

• John Willys, from Indianapolis, IN, bought the Toledo-Pope plant, where one of the earliest automobiles had been built, and merged it with his Indiana factory to form Willys-Overland (1908). By 1921 this company's work force numbered 25,000 and an automobile was produced every 30 seconds. In 1938, Delmar G. Roos, an automotive engineer, was hired to develop a more powerful and durable engine and to design a tough, light, and all-purpose 4-wheel drive vehicle for the army. The result was the famous "jeep"– Willys went on to produce 650,000 jeeps during World War II [3,50].

• Dr. Games Slayter, research scientist with Owens-Illinois of Toledo (1931) and later Vice President for research for Owens-Corning Fiberglas, invented glass wool (1938) and is known as the "father of Fiberglas." He has been awarded 125 patents concerning various aspects of Fiberglas manufacturing [144].

• Dr. Graham John Durant, born in Newport, England (1934) and relocated to Ohio as the founding director of the University of Toledo's Center for Drug Design and Development (1987), discovered the H₂ receptor class of drugs, including cimetidine, which inhibits the production of stomach acid. Cimetidine (Tagamet) is considered by the World Health Organization as one of the world's most essential drugs for its ability to heal stomach ulcers without surgery. Dr. Durant was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1990 [23].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Fallen Timbers, along the Maumee River between Waterville and Maumee – a monument commemorates the site of General Anthony Wayne’s victory over Indians, which led to the Treaty of Greene Ville and the opening of the Ohio Territory to white settlers [14].

• Old West End District, Toledo – late-19th and early-20th century neighborhood with a variety of architectural styles [37].

• Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo – imposing Greek Revival building largely constructed through the efforts of industialist Edward D. Libbey [125].

• Rosary Cathedral, Toledo – world’s only cathedral built in the 16th-century Spanish architectural style known as plateresque; ornate structure fashioned of limestone and granite (1940) [125].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Madison County are found in the following locations [12,27,53,55,56,187]:

Canaan, Darby & Jefferson Twps.: Big Darby Creek

Darby Twp.: Smith Cemetery Prairie

Pike Twp.: Bigelow Cemetery Prairie

Pleasant Twp.: Deer Creek Wildlife Area

Union Twp.: London State Fish Hatchery & Madison Lake State Park

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Wisconsinan end moraines; thick glacial drift (up to 60 m) underlain by Silurian dolomite; mixed hardwood woodlots; oak-hickory woods; tallgrass prairies [27,53,55,162].

• Portions of the Darby Creek Valley in Franklin, Madison, Pickaway, and Union Counties (132 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1984) [27].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• One of the largest farms in the State, Orleton House, was developed in the northern part of Madison County and reached over 2,000 hectars by the mid-1950s. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, London won fame throughout the Midwest because of its monthly livestock sales which started in 1856 [4,5].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Jonathan Alder (1773-1849), born in New Jersey and moved to frontier Virginia as a boy (1780), was captured by Indians during the Revolutionary War and lived with them in the vicinity of Madison County for 24 years (1781-1805). His 100-page manuscript of this adventure provides a valuable antropological acount of Indian life in Ohio at the end of the 18th century. Alder later lived on Darby Creek in Canaan Twp. and is buried in Foster Chaple Cemetery in Jefferson Twp. [44].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Red Brick Taven, Lafayette – built in 1837 as a National Road stagecoach stop [4].

• London Historic District, London – preserves a portion of the county seat that was founded in 1811 [4,37].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Mahoning County are found in the following locations [12,27,53,55,56,187]:

Austintown & Jackson Twps.: Meander Lake

Berlin Twp.: Berlin Reservoir Wildlife Area

Boardman Twp. & Youngstown: Mill Creek Park

Canfield Twp.: Kyle Woods

Fairfield Twp.: Firestone Woods

Milton Twp.: Lake Milton

Poland Twp.: Poland Forest

Smith Twp.: Meyers Heronry

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Pennsylvanian sandstone, shale, limestones, and coal beds; rolling topography of glaciated Allegheny Plateau; sulfur springs; beech-maple forests; Virginia bluebells; hemlock in moist gorges; swamp forests and marshes; waterfowl; great blue heron rookery [27,53,55].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• First surveyed in 1796, the Connecticut Western Reserve was laid out in townships ten years later by Seth Pease. He located the position of Town One, Range One at the southeast corner of the Reserve, the present location of Poland Twp.

• Ohio's first iron smelting furnace was established in Mahoning County at Heaton Furnace (1803) [37].

• Youngstown Historical Center of Industry and Labor was founded to honor northeastern Ohio's iron and steel industries (1990). Museum includes audio-visual displays and life-size scenes, such as a blooming mill where steel ingots were shaped. This award-winning, Postmodern museum was designed by Michael Graves [14,37].

• Eastern 35 km of Ohio Turnpike opened for traffic on 1 December 1954; remaining 353 km opened 1 October 1955, stretching from western Pennsylvania to northeastern Indiana [37].

• Edward J. Debartolo, of Youngstown, was the first to develop the concept of the shopping mall and his 1970s Randell Park Mall near Cleveland was the largest in the country (58 hectares) [134].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Daniel Heaton built the State's first smelting furnace near Youngstown (1803) [105].

• David Tod (1805-1868), born in Youngstown, was President of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad and developed the vast coal fields of the Mahoning Valley. He served as Governor of Ohio during the Civil War and spent his retirement years at "Brier Hill," his family home in Youngstown [40].

• Williams Holmes McGuffey, author of the famed McGuffey Readers, spent his boyhood in Youngstown. More than 122 million copies of the Readers were published. Although the publishers paid the author less than $1,000, he earned the lasting title of "Schoolmaster of the Nation" [94].

• Ervin G. Bailey (1880-1974), born in Damascus and a graduate of The Ohio State University in mechanical engineering, invented the Bailey boiler meter (1911) which revolutionizd steam boiler operation and laid the foundation for today’s process control systems. He also founded the Bailey Meter Company at Wycliffe (Lake County) in 1916 with Professor Embury A. Hitchcock as Vice-President (Hitchcock later became Dean of The Ohio State University College of Engineering).This company was purchased by Babcock and Wilcox in 1926 and is now known as Bailey Controls [106].

• A. P. Steckel, of Youngstown, invented the process for the continuous cold-strip rolling of steel. Because of the efficiency of this process and the high-quality steel that it produced, the process was adopted throughout the world. Steckel’s work was financed by L. A. Beeghly who returned much of the profit to the Mahoning River Valley in the form of college libraries and other worthy causes [134].

• Harry M. Rider (1899-1995), Vice-President of Manufacturing and Engineering, Automatic Sprinkler Corp., Youngstown, invented numerous fire protection devices for domestic, industrial, and military use during a 45-year career. He designed the first spray sprinkler, invented devices and systems to protect gun powder manufacturing plants, and developed the "rate of rise of temperature" method of fire detection and sprinkler activation that is present in virtually every public and commercial building. He also designed the fire protection/sprinkler system to safeguard the US Constitution, Bill of Rights, and Declaration of Independence in the National Archives, Washington, DC. The Mosler Safe Company, of Hamilton, designed the storage vault in which these precious documents are held [21,122].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown – Second Renaissance Revival-style marble art museum designed by New York firm of McKim, Mead, and White for industrialist Joseph G. Butler, Jr. (1919) [37,125].

• Old Mahoning County Courthouse, Canfield – white-painted brick Greek Doric building of fine proportions and entablature of unequaled execution in Ohio courthouses (1848) [131,132,133].

• Lanternman’s Mill, Youngstown – located in Mill Creek Park, 19th-century mill restored to a working grist mill for corn and wheat; 4.3-m oak, inside water wheel [141].

• Pioneer village, Canfield – eight authentic frame buildings from the pioneer period, including railroad depot and watchman’s tower [125].

• Arms Museum, Youngstown – headquarters for the Mahoning Valley Historical Society; former Wilford Paddock Arms mansion (1905); includes collections of pioneer househld and farm implements [56,125].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Marion County are found in the following locations [27,53,55,56]:

Big Island Twp.: Big Island Wildlife Area

Claridon Twp.: Claridon Prairie

Waldo Twp.: Delaware Reservoir Wildlife Area & Delaware State Park

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: thin-bedded Tymochtee Dolomite (Silurian Period) and Devonian limestone; Wisconsinan ground and end moraines; flat Till Plain; mixed hardwoods; tallgrass prairies [27,53,55,162].

• Claridon Prairie, preserved as a narrow strip of land between a State highway (Rt. 309) and Conrail tracks, is one of a few surviving remnants of the once extensive prairies that were part of pioneer Marion County. This remnant strip contains over 75 species of significant prairie grasses and flowers [102].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Giant earth-moving equipment designed and manufactured in Marion by the Marion Steam Shovel Company and the Huber Manufacturing Company was used to dig portions of the Panama Canal (1914) and the Boulder (Hoover) Dam (1930). The Marion Steam Shovel Company was founded by Henry M. Barnhart, Edward Huber, and George King (1884) and was the leading manufacturer of power in the 1950s. The "Mountainer" was the first of a series of large, coal-mining shovels with capacities of up to 100 m³ and capable of moving 2 million m³ per month [4,122,144].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Dr. Edwin Grant Conklin (1863-1952), born in Waldo and educated at Ohio Wesleyan University (1885) and Johns Hopkins University (Ph.D., 1891), wrote numerous scientific articles, monographs, and books on evolution, heredity, and education, including The Direction of Human Evolution (1921). He has been called the "Dean of American biologists" [152,153].

• Warren Gamaliel Harding (1865-1923), born in Corsica (Morrow County) and educated at nearby Ohio Central College in Iberia (1879-1882), learned the printing trade in Marion. He modernized the city’s newspaper (Marion Star) and built a great newspaper which he headed as editor and publisher for 35 years. Harding was elected the 29th President of the United States in 1921. The President Harding Home and Museum is located in Marion [4,46,73].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Harding Tomb, Marion – monument to President Warren G. Harding, made of white Georgia marble and modeled after Greek circular temples, is considered one of the most beautiful presidential memorials outside of Washington, DC. Located in the same city, the Harding Home (1891-1921) is also maintained by the Ohio Historical Society [5,14].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Medina County are found in the following locations [12,53,55,56,187]:

Brunswick Hills Twp.: Plum Creek

Guilford Twp.: Maple Lakes

Hinckley Twp.: Hinckley Reservation & Whips Ledges

Homer Twp.: Swamp Cottonwood

Liverpool Twp.: Hardscrabble Heronry

Sharon Twp.: Spruce Run

Spencer Twp.: Spencer Lake Wildlife Area

Wadsworth Twp.: Silver Creek

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Sharon Conglomerate cliffs and ledges (Pennsylvanian Period); rolling Till Plain; beech-maple climax forests; oak-hickory stands; hemlock and mountain maple in ravines; waterfowl; great blue heron rookery; turkey vultures [53,55].

• Whips Ledges at Hinckley were formed over 350 million years ago. These sandstone ledges (Sharon Conglomerate: Pennsylvanian Period) rise over 100 m and, due to their water-bearing qualities, numerous springs and lush vegetation are present. Annually, on about 15 March, some 75 turkey vultures (known locally as buzzards) return to Whips Ledges for summer breeding and roosting in the trees near the cliffs [56,163].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Ohio Match Company, Wadsworth, was the world’s largest match works under a single roof in the 1950s with 1,600 employees [4].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Amos I. Root (1841-1923), of Medina, was the founder of the American bee industry (1865). He is the first to experiment with large numbers (thousands) of tended hives and he invented a new beehive that permitted honey to be extracted without damaging the hive. Root authored and published books and magazines devoted to beekeeping, including, The ABC's of Bee Culture, which he published by windmill power on his farm. He was a friend of the Wright Brothers of Dayton and was on hand to witness some of their earliest flights [94]. In September 1904 he wrote an article about their accomplishments, but it was rejected by publishers as too far-fetched; Root's manuscript, however, survives in the Smithsonian Institution [94,151].

• Chester H. Pond (1844-1912), of Medina County, devised the central fire-alarm system and invented the first self-winding electric clock [153].

• Paul N. Nunn (1860-1939), of Medina County, built and operated the first water-driven electric power plant in the United States [153].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Public Square District, Medina – square surrounded by 19th century commercial buildings, including Old Town Hall and Engine House (1878) [37,141].

• Le Roy Village – strict town-planning has maintained the original New England character of this town with the help of the Ohio Farmers’ Insurance Company which is headquartered there [4].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Meigs County are found in the following locations [12,53,55,56]:

Chester Twp.: Shade River-Camp Kiashuta

Lebanon Twp.: Buffington Island (also site of only significant Civil War battle fought in Ohio)

Olive Twp.: Forked Run State Park & Shade River State Forest

Salisbury & Sutton Twps.: Hidden Lakes-Forest Run

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: dissected hillsides cut into the youngest rock formation in Ohio (Permian Period); massive outcrops of Pennsylvanian sandstones along Ohio River and in ravines; Ohio River bordered with a rich mixed hardwood forest; oak-hickory forests; tallgrass prairies; migrating waterfowl; wild turkey; bear [53,55,162].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• The first coal mines in Meigs County were opened by Nicholas Longworth, of Cincinnati, in the early 1800s. Pomeroy, and neighboring Coalport, developed as major coal-shiping ports on the Ohio River. Longworth was also responsible for developing the grape-growing industry in southwestern Ohio and he is known as the "father of American grape culture" [153].

• Bellenville Locks and Dam on the Ohio River near Reedsville were constructed in 1962-1969 to replace earlier, less efficient ones. The top length of the dam is 368 m and it has two parallel locks to service river vessels [55].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Colonel George Washington, while surveying the Ohio River Valley, camped with Indian Chief Kiashuta near Chester (1770) [55].

• Valentine Baxter Horton (1802-1888) was a pioneer industrialist of the Ohio River Valley. He opened coal mines on the land of his father-in-law (Samuel Wyllys Pomeroy, for which the river town was named), developed river transportation of coal, and built the first coal barges, including the Condor, which was fired by coal instead of wood. He also established the Excelsior Salt Company and used his coal to fire the company's evaporation furnaces. He was instrumental in the incorporation of Pomeroy (1841) and in the relocation of the Meigs County seat to that city [71,94].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Old Meigs County Courthouse, Chester – square brick courthouse, used from 1822 to 1841 is one of Ohio’s oldest standing courthouse buildings [133].

• Pomeroy Historic District, Main Street – long, linear district between the Ohio River and the nearby bluffs; dominated by the Meigs County Courthouse (1846) [37, 133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Mercer County are found in the following locations [12,53,55,56,187]:

Butler Twp.: Baker Woods

Butler & Franklin Twps.: Mercer Waterfowl Management Area

Center, Franklin, & Jefferson Twps.: Grand Lake St. Mary's State Park

Franklin Twp.: Mercer Wildlife Area

Granville Twp.: St. Mary's Wood

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: glaciated Till Plain underlain by Niagara Dolomite (Silurian Period); feeder lake for Miami-Erie Canal; waterfowl refuge; shorebirds [53,55].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• The largest artificial lake in the world at the time of its construction, Grand Lake St. Mary’s, spans the Mercer-Auglaize County border, stretching from Celina to St. Mary’s. It was built by damming the Wabash River near Celina. This 6,900-hectare lake was built on the divide between Lake Erie and the Ohio River as part of a feeder system for the Miami-Erie Canal (1837-1845); thus it was constructed with discharge channels at both ends. This lake pioneered the concept of upground reservoirs which today dot the plains of northwestern Ohio. Since 1915 the lake, originally known as Mercer Reservoir, has been a State Park [2,4].

• Celina developed around its lumber mills. In the mid-1950s Celina had the world’s largest table factory, which daily manufactured 2,000 pieces of wood furniture [4].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• General Anthony Wayne built a log fort (1793) on the site of General Arthur St. Clair’s defeat (1791) at the hands of Indians led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket [4,56,134].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Fort Recovery, Fort Recovery – reconstructed fort on the banks of the Wabash River; originally built by General Anrhony Wayne in 1793 on the site of General St. Clair’s defeat [4,56].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Miami County are found in the following locations [53,55,56,187]:

Bethel Twp.: Charleston Falls, Honey Creek, & Taylorville Reserve

Newberry Twp.: Goode Prairie, Greenville Falls, Stillwater Prairies, &

Thompson Cave

Newberry and Newton Twps.: Stillwater River

Newton Twp.: Bunker Nature Center & Painter Creek Cave

Springcreek Twp.: Big Woods Reserve & North Garbry Woods

Union Twp.: Helena Falls & Pigeye Reserve

Washington Twp.: Piqua Quarry

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Ordovician and Silurian limestones exposed in the banks of the Stillwater River; Dayton Limestone (fossiliferous; glacial grooves) and Brassfield Limestone (Silurian Age) exposed in extensive quarry; solution caves; glacial kame complex; waterfalls; mixed mesophytic and swamp forests; beech-maple woodlands; tallgrass prairies; wetlands [53,55,162].

• Portions of the Stillwater-Greenville Valley in Darke, Miami, and Montgomery Counties (150 km) have been designated as a State Scenic and Recreational River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1975) [27].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• An early plant for processing local flax seeds for oil was opened in Piqua (1815). To meet the needs of this industry, Alfred W. French founded the French Oil Mill Machinery Company in Piqua (1900). This company, now managed by grandson Daniel French, continues to manufacture oil mill machinery [58].

• Samuel Spahr Laws, graduate of Miami University, resident of Troy, and Cincinnati gold broker, invented the tickertape machine which was first used at the New York Stock Exchange in 1867. Laws also hired a promising young inventor, Thomas A. Edison when Edison was only 22 [37].

• Phoneton served as a major testing and transmitting center for the nation's long distance telephone lines from 1894 until 1926 [105].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Albert B. Graham (1868-1960), "Father of the 4-H Club Movement in Ohio", the United States, and worldwide, was born in Lena. As a member of a 5-person committee of the National Education Association meeting in Los Angeles, he developed plans for junior high (middle) schools; one of the first such schools in the country opened in Columbus (1907) [94].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Piqua Historical District – early 19th century farm of Indian agent John Johnson, a restored section of the Miami-Erie Canal, a reconstructed, mule-drawn canalboat, and the Historic Indian Museum, containing recent and Prehistoric artifacts (Woodland and Plains Indians) [14,56,102,125].

• Old Miami County Courthouse, Troy – One of the finest late-19th century Ohio courthouses (1885; Joseph W. Yost, architect); restored interior [37,132,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Monroe County are found in the following locations [12,53,55,56,187]:

Adams Twp.: Adams Woods & Rothenbuhler Woods

Benton, Bethel, and Washington Twps.: Wayne National Forest

Jackson Twp.: Forrest Woods

Malaga Twp.: Monroe Lake Wildlife Area

Perry Twp.: White Pines

Switzerland Twp.: Sunfish Creek State Forest

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Pennsylvanian coals, calcareous shales, and freshwater limestones; hills topped with Permian Age rock overlooking the Ohio River; rugged terrain of the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau; oak-hickory and beech-maple forests; tuliptree stands; wetlands; migrating waterfowl; beaver dams[53,55].

• Monroe County is underlain by the youngest consolidated rocks exposed in Ohio, those of the Dunkard Series (Permian Period) which were deposited about 200 million years ago [66,68].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Early Swiss settlers (1819) established the traditional industies of their homeland (e.g., cheese making and the manufacture of intricate watches and clocks) and soon the northeastern part of the county became known as "Little Switzerland" [4,66].

• Ohio River Locks and Dam at Hannibal [56].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Woodsfield, Monroe County Seat, was surveyed and laided out by Archibald Wood in 1814 [4].

• Dr. Edward S. Thomas (1891-1982), born in Woodsfield and educated at The Ohio State University, was Curator of natural history for the Ohio Historical Society and long-time nature columnist for the Columbus Dispatch. He was instrumental in the creation of the Metropolitan Park District of Columbus in Franklin County and in the preservation of Cedar Bog in Champaign County. Thomas’ research specialty was the insect Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets) [15].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Foraker Bridge (Perry Twp.) and Knowlton Bridge (Washington Twp.) – historic covered bridges [56].

• Monroe County Courthouse, Woodsfield – red and yellow brick, Neo-classical style and considered one of the grandest courthouses in its region of Ohio (1906; Samuel Hanna, architect) [37,132,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Montgomery County are found in the following locations [12,53,55,56]:

Butler Twp.: Allwood Audubon Center & Sunderland Falls

Butler & Randolph Twps.: Englewood Reserve

Butler & Wayne Twps.: Taylorsville Reserve

Dayton: Dayton-Montgomery County Park District encircling Dayton

German Twp.: Germantown Reserve

Jackson Twp.: Farmersville Woods

Mad River Twp.: Huffman Reserve

Madison & Perry Twps.: Sycamore State Park

Washington Twp.: Centerville-Washington Park District

Wayne Twp.: Carriage Hill-Drylick Run Reserve

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: waterfalls and cascading water over fossiliferous rock outcropings of Richmond limestones (Ordovician Period) on tributaries of the Great Miami River; Wisconsinan glacial deposits; mixed mesophytic forests; oak-hickory forests; tallgrass prairie; rare black hall plant (Viburnum prunifolium); marshes; migrating waterfowl and shore birds [53,55,162].

• Portions of the Stillwater-Greenville Valley in Darke, Miami, and Montgomery Counties (150 km) have been designated as a State Scenic and Recreational River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1975) [27].

• Montgomery County contains 89 species of trees out of a total of 128 tree species for the entire State of Ohio [148].

• In March 1913 an intense atmospheric disturbance caused widespread destruction from the Rocky Mountains to central Europe. A series of storms resulted in the great flood of the Miami Valley, the most devastating on record. On 27 March John H. Patterson, President of National Cash Register Company in Dayton, wired the New York Times: "Situation here desperate. All people except on outskirts imprisoned by water. They have had no food, no drinking water, no light, no heat, for two days. We have had no house-to-house communication by telephone for two days. Dayton water works stopped two days ago. Fire raging for 24 hours in center of city and now spreading. Beckel Hotel burned. Weather suddenly cold with strong wind and snow. Water current too strong for rowboats and rafts. We need help." Following the flood, John Patterson headed a flood prevention committee which eventually resulted in the formation of the Miami Conservancy District (1919) and the construction of five flood control dams at a cost of $31 million in less than three years. This was the first flood prevention system in the nation funded entirely by local funds and came 15 years before the Federal Flood Control Act of 1936. Edward A. Deeds, Vice-President of National Cash Register Company, was the apostle of the Miami Conservancy District, seeing the need for detailed planning, public support, and conservancy district legislation [2].

• Great Miami River glacial outwash deposits in eastern Montgonery County contain abundant groundwater that is used to supply the entire city of Dayton with water, making Dayton the largest groundwater user in the State [124].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• George Heikles, from Carlisle, PA, established a nursery at Dayton (1822) and was the first in Ohio to propagate trees by root grafting. Soon the Miami Valley became the principal nursery center of the west [40].

• Dr. Luzern Custer, a Dayton dentist, invented an electric dental gold annealer (1890) [33].

• National Weather Bureau, Soil Survey initiated the first county soil survey in the State of Ohio (1899-1900). The 1899 survey was simplistic by modern standards but, nevertheless, was based on scientific field observations [11].

• In their Dayton bicycle shop Wilber and Orville Wright constructed the first successful, engine-powered airplane (1903). In 1910 William Mayfield took the world's first aerial photograph from an airplane, a view of the city of Dayton [3,7,37].

• Kettering Research Laboratory, Dayton, was established by General Motors Corporation (1916) to develop inventions for safety, efficiency, and convenience in all areas of transportation [134].

• Authur E. Morgan, hydraulic engineer from Memphis, TN, designed the Miami Conservancy District flood-prevention project (including five dams) and managed its construction (1913-1921). A testimony to this accomplishment is the fact that the project has never been challenged for engineering deficiencies and that the project is still functioning properly, 75 years after its completion. In 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Authur Morgan chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority [2].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• James S. Ritty of Dayton invented the cash register, first known as the "Incorruptible Cashier," which changed the store keeping habits of the world (1879). John H. Patterson purchased the patent, refined the machine, and founded the National Cash Register Company in Dayton (1881). This company later introduced carbonless copy paper (1955) [4,33].

• Beginning their study of aeronautics in 1896 while building bicycles in Dayton, Wilber Wright (1867-1912) and Orville Wright (1871-1948) constructed the first successful, engine-powered airplane in Dayton and flew it successfully at Kitty Hawk, NC in December 1903. They were the first to use a wind tunnel to test their designs (1901). The engine used in their first aircraft was built by Dayton machinist Charles Taylor. In November 1910, their Wright B Flyer took off from Dayton's Huffman Prairie (northwest Greene County) on the world's first cargo flight. Pilot Philip Parmalee carried a 50-kg bolt of rose silk to Columbus for delivery to merchant Max Morehouse. The 92-km flight was completed in 63 minutes. During World War I, Dayton became an aviation center as government airfields were established (McCook Field and Wright Field) and 200 flyers were trained for war service. The Wright Airplane Company developed the DeHaviland airplane and shipped 4,587 of these fighting aircraft to France. The first practical parachute was invented by Floyd Smith at Wright Field and future Brigadier General Harold R. Harris made the first emergency parachute jump when he safely bailed out of his crippled plane north of Dayton at a height of 760 m above the ground (October 1919). The ejection seat ("panic rack") was also developed at Wright Field and used in 1946 when Sgt. Larry Lampert ejected at an altitude of 2,400 m. The first flight to the Stratosphere took place in February 1920 when Major Rudolph Schroeder took his LePere biplane to a world altitude record of 10,093 m over McCook Field. In June 1927, following his successful Trans-Atlantic flight month earlier, Charles A. Lindbergh flew to Dayton to pay homage to Orville, the surviving Wright brother. Lindbergh stayed overnight at the Wright home, Hawthorn Hill, in the bedroom intended for Wilbur [5,7,33,50,105].

• Dr. Edward Firman Bear (1884-1968), born near Germantown and educated at The Ohio State University, was a noted agronomist, soils chemist, and prolific writer. His first book, Soils and Fertilizers (1924), served as a college text for more than 40 years. His other classics included: Theory and Practice in the Use of Fertilizers (1928) and Chemistry of Soils (1955). During his 42-year career, he taught at The Ohio State Uiversity, University of West Virginia, and Rutgers University [147].

• Charles F. Kettering (1876-1958), born near Loudenville and educated at The Ohio State University (B.S., mechanical engineering), founded the Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company ("Delco"). He developed the electric self-starter for automobiles (co-invented with Edward A. Deeds in 1910), introduced ethyl gasoline (1923) and quick-drying lacquer finish for auto bodies, and made improvements the diesel engine. Kettering also collaborated with William Chryst on a number of automotive inventions. He also experimented with the first guided missile, a 136 kg, rail-launched airplane with detachable wings (1918). Kettering went on to become head of General Motors research laboratories and Vice President of the Corporation [2,3,37,52,105].

• Thomas Midgley, Jr. (1889-1944), born in Beaver Falls, PA, was a chemist who joined the research staff of Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company (1916) where his work on engine knock made him a pioneer in the study of internal combustion and led to his discovery of tetraethyl lead (1921) and other anti-knock chemicals. He also developed ferons for use in refrigeration and air conditioning (1931) and the first catalysists for "cracking" hydrocarbons. Later, he served as Director of The Ohio State University Research Foundation (1940-1944) [34,153].

• Barrett Green of NCR Corp., Dayton, developed a process of controlled chemical release (1953) that led to time-released medication (microencapsulation), digital thermometers, and carbonless paper [37].

• Dale Edward Whitesell, born in Miamisburg (1925) and educated at The Ohio State University (M.S., 1951; wildlife management), was Chief of the Division of Wildlife, Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1963) and Executive Vice-President of Ducks Unlimited (1965) where he was responsible for reserving more than 1.3 million hectares of Canadian wetland for waterfowl propagation (where about 70% of North America’s wild waterfowl are produced)[147].

• Dayton boasts one of the highest patents issued per capita rates in the country. In addition to those listed above, the Dayton area generated some 40 other notable inventors: Vincent C. Apple (farm electrical lighting system), John Balsley (stepladder), Rufus C. Bossard (photoelectric cell; black light), John Birden and Kenneth Jordon (radioisotopic thermoelectric generator for spacecraft), Frank Caldwell (controllable pitch propeller), Carl Carlson (microfiche), Dr. William H. Charch (cellophane tape), E. Leland Clark (human heart-lung machine), Luzern Custer (motorized wheelchair), Ermal T. Fraze (pull tabs/pop-top beverage cans), Harvey D. Geyer (refrigeration mechanisms), Lt. Col. Roger Gounard (smart fan), Wayne Hardy (surgical goniometer), Max Issacson (external heart machine), John Janning (liquid crystal alignment methodology), C. Francis Jenkins (movie projector, camera, film, and theatre), Warren Kampf (ink jet printer), F. D. Klien (100 octane aviation fuel), Geoffrey Kruesi (radio compass triangulation system), Maurice Krug (space food), Sidney Lambden (wire impregnated hose), William Lear (electrostatic gyroscope), George H. Leland (lighted scoreboard; solenoids), George Lockwood (semi-conductor memory device), Ernest Lockwood (steel propeller; reversible pitch propeller), William McHose (steel furnace), C. D. McLaughlin (parachute defense system). Alfred Mellowes (self-contained refrigeration), John Morton (parking meter), Dr. Sanford Moss (aircraft supercharger), Dr. Jerrold Petrofsky (electrically stimulated ambulatory motion), John Ross (jet engine reignition system), Daniel W. Schaeffer (gas mask), Henry Seeler (portable breathing resuscitator), Charles R, Short (belt drive systems), Albert H. Smith (computing scale for merchants), Floyd Smith (parachute), Roman Szpur (computerized health function monitors), and George Walther (cast steel wheels for trucks) [113].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• The Miamisburg Mound, south of Miamisburg, is the largest conical burial mound in Ohio and likely the largest in eastern United States. The 21-m high mound (267 m in circumference) is believed to have been built by the prehistoric Adena Indians (800 BC to 100 AD) [102].

• Montgomery County Courthouse, Dayton – exceptional Greek Revival courthouse which now serves as a museum for the Montgomery County Historical Society (1850; Howard Daniels, architect) [37,131,132,133].

• Germantown Bridge – inverted bowstring trust, unique among Ohio’s and the nation’s covered bridges; spans Little Twin Creek [56,69].

• Kettering-Moraine Museum and Deed’s Barn, Dayton – Wright Brothers and Kettering memorabilia [37].

• Wright Memorial, Dayton – monument of pink granite quarried near Kitty Hawk, NC overlooks downtown Dayton and Huffman Prairie and Dam. Huffman was the site of the world’s first airport and the first pilot training school. The first controlled turn of an aircraft was made at this site (1904) [37,125].

• Dayton Museum of Natural History, Carillon Park (exhibits depicting the progress of transportation) and National Aviation Hall of Fame, Dayton [37,125].

• Dayton Art Institute, Dayton – Italian villa-inspired design [134,141].

• US Air Force Museum, northeast of Dayton – world’s oldest and largest museum devoted to military aviation (130 aircraft and 10,000 artifacts) [125].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Morgan County are found in the following locations [12,53,55,56]:

Bristol & Manchester Twps.: Cumberland Mine Area

Center & Windsor Twps.: Muskingum River Parkway State Park

Homer & Union Twps.: Burr Oak State Park

Malta Twp.: Malta Woods

Union Twp.: Wayne National Forest & Wolf Creek Wildlife Area

Windsor Twp.: Big Bottom

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Pennsylvanian coals, sandstones, shales, and limestones; unglaciated Allegheny Plateau; Muskingam River flood plain; narrow winding lakes; deep ravines with hemlock; oak-hickory forests; marshes; snapping turtles and bullfrogs; beaver colonies [53,55].

• Devil's Tea Table, located 5 km south of McConnelsville, is one of the most remarkable natural curiosities in southern Ohio. This rock formation is an immense table of sandstone which weighs some 3,000 tons and is supported by a slender slab of shale [5].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• McConnelsville was a leading salt producing center between 1820 and 1840. Saltwater was obtained from shallow wells (~5 m) dug along Salt Creek and then boiled in a wood-fired furnace. In 24 hours, about 50 kg of salt could be recovered from 15,000 liters of the saline water. The 1840 Ohio census lists Morgan County as the State's premier salt producer [94].

• The Brown Manly Plow Company was established in Malta, a pioneering firm in the manufacture of farm implements [40].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Jeremiah McLain Rusk (1830-1893), born in Morgan County, served as Secretary of Agriculture (1889-1893) under President Benjamin Harrison and established the practice of publishing Farmers’ Bulletins which contained the results of scientific work written for practical farmers [151].

• Dr. H. L. True (1845-1912), born in Athens County, graduated from the Eclectic Medical College of Cincinnati (1871) and lived in McConnelsville, became an early authority on the botany and geology of the state. He published a book entitled, The Causes of the Glacial Period, that upset all previous theories but is now accepted as the true explanation of this phenomenon [40,184].

• Franklin Gershom White (1873-1937), born in Hooksburg and educated at Ohio University and Cornell University (Ph.D., 1905), was a noted bacteriologist and entomologist who worked for the US Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology on bacterial diseases of insects. He was a pioneer in the field of biological control of insect pests [161].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Morgan County Courthouse (1858; William P. Johnson, architect) and Historic District, McConnelsville [4,37,133].

• Muskingum River Lock below Malta and McConnelsville; restored stern-wheel river steamer, Lorena, operates from Zanesville[4].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Morrow County are found in the following locations [12,53-56]:

Franklin Twp.: Broad Acres

Gilead Twp.: Dogwood Valley & Mt. Gilead State Park

Lincoln Twp.: Alum Creek Valley

Westfield Twp.: Delaware Reservoir Wildlife Area

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: outcrops of Mississippian sandstones in narrow ravines; glaciated Allegheny Plateau dissected to form rolling topography; Wisconsinan end moraine; spring-fed lakes; beach-maple climax forests; profusion of dogwoods; swamps and marshes [53,55].

• The Morrow County "oil boom" of 1961-1967, in the vicinity of Cardington and Edison, resulted in the world’s last town-lot drilling episode. The boom was one of the most drilled and privately investigated lower Paleozoic bedrock unconformities in the eastern United States. Named the Knox Unconformity, this Cambro-Ordovician reservoir is noted for its prolific oil and gas productive potential – one of the highest in the eastern part of the country [188].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Asa Mosher built the industry of Morrow County, a grist and sawmill (1821) in Cardington Twp. on Whetstone Creek [44].

• Geophysical investigations of the 1961-1967 Morrow County oil boom illustrated the successful application of high resolution (single-fold) reflection seismograph surveys to the detection of oil and gas reservoirs in bedrock unconformity anomalies at depths of 625 to 640 m (2050 to 2100 ft) [188].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Calvin S. Brice (1845-1898), born in Denmark (Canaan Twp.), was a prominent railroad entrepreneur in the 1870s and1880s. He became President of the Lake Erie and Western Railroad in 1887 and was elected US Senator from Ohio in 1890 [44].

• Iberia is the site of the defunct Ohio Central College which once was the center of higher eduction in the area under President Rev. Gorden, a noted abolitionist. Perhaps the College’s most noteworthy student was Warren G. Harding (1879-1882) [44,50].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Morrow County Courthouse and Jail, Mount Gilead – Greek Revival style (1851; David Ault, builder) [4,37,132,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Muskingum County are found in the following locations [12,53-56]:

Adams & Monroe Twps.: Wills Creek Lake

Blue Rock & Salt Creek Twps.: Blue Rock State Park & Forest

Falls & Licking Twps.: Dillion Wildlife Areas

Harrison Twp. & Zanesville: Muskingum River Parkway State Park

Jackson Twp.: Baughman Park

Licking Twp.: Dillion State Park

Meigs & Rich Hill Twps.: Cumberland Mine Area

Muskingum Twp.: Powelson Wildlife Area

Newton Twp.: Avondale Wildlife Area

Salt Creek Twp.: Salt Creek

Union Twp.: Wildwood

Washington Twp.: Zanesville State Nursery

Zanesville: Zane Trace Forest

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: massive Black Hand Sandstone exposed at hilltops and abandoned quarries; Pennsylvanian Age sandstones, shales (fossiliferous), limestones, and coals; unglaciated Allegheny Plateau; oak-hickory and beech-maple forests; swamps and marshes [53,55].

• The largest recorded meteor entrance event took place on 1 May 1860, when an estimated 227-kg meteor split up into more than 30 fiery fragments and fell on western Muskingum and eastern Guernsey County. One of the fragments struck and killed a calf, the only casualty of the event. The largest recovered piece, known as the New Concord meteorite for where it was found, weighs 47 kg and is in the collections of the Department of Geology, Marietta College [33]. The only other witnessed "fall" in Ohio was on 13 February 1893, when a 0.9-kg meteorite struck the earth near Pricetown in Highland County [33].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Colonel Ebenezer Zane, builder of the roadway known as Zane's Trace (1796-1798), was awarded 3 parcels of land, each 259 hectares in size, as payment for fulfilling his contract with the US Government. He picked the three major river crossings for his parcels and layed out towns on each: Zanesville at the confluence of the Licking and Muskingum Rivers (1797), Lancaster on the Hocking River (1797), and Chillicothe on the Scioto River (1796). To accommodate crossing the rivers at the confluence, Zanesville's first Y-Bridge, and one of the first such structures in the world, was built (1814) [4,45,49].

• Utilizing local sand deposits, Ohio's first glass plant was founded in Zanesville (1815) and for decades this town was the center for the State's glass industry [45].

• Arrival at Zanesville of the steamboat Rufus Putnam from Marietta (1824) marked a new era in transportation in the region with shipbuilding becoming a prominent industry. Over 100 boats were built and launched from Zanesville docks during the next quarter-century [45].

• Ohio's first multiple purpose water management and land conservation river basin project, Muskingum Watershed Conservation District, was created at Zanesville (1933). The project eventually included 14 flood control reservoirs and cooperative agreements with 20 State and Federal agencies for water and land management. The first Federal dam and reservoir in Ohio (Tappan Reservoir, Harrison County), built in 1936, was an outgrowth of the Conservancy District movement. The 14 dams in the system are known as the Atwood, Beach City, Bolivar, Charles Mill, Clendening, Dover, Leesville, Mohawk, Mohicanville, Piedmont, Pleasant Hill, Senecaville, Tappan, and Wills Creek. All of the dams were constructed of earth except Dover Dam which was built of concrete. The combined surface area of the reservoirs held by these dams is 2,825 hectares or 282 km² [2,40,67].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Cass Gilbert (1859-1934), a native of Zanesville, was a noteworthy architect who designed the Woolworth Building in New York (1913), tthe Supreme Court of the United States in Washington, DC (1935), Minnesota State Capitol in St. Paul (1896), West Virginia State Capitol in Charleston (1932), Public Library in Detroit (1921), and several buildings on the Oberlin College campus (Lorain County) [122,153].

• Ralph D. Merschon (1868-1952), born in Zanesville and educated at The Ohio State University (1890), was an electrical engineer who invented the 6-phase rotary converter, the elecrtolytic condenser, and the compensating voltmeter. He was the holder of 93 patents for his electical inventions. Merschon designed and supervised construction of the Niagara, Lockport, and Ontario Power Company plant which was capable of transmitting 60,000 volts from Niagara Falls to various points in New York State [71,153].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• The National Road/Zane Gray Museum, 17 km east of Zanesville, commemorates the National Road (1825-1834), early America's busiest land artery to the West in the early 1800s, and Zane Grey, the "Father of the Adult Western." The museum houses life-size recreations of National Road scenes, including: blacksmith and wheelwright shops, a tavern room, and a 42-m long diorama of miniatures tracing the evolution of the road [102].

• The S-Bridge, located west of New Concord on the old National Road, was built in 1830. This bridge, like many others on the National Road, was built with well-cut stone and durable mortar in the shape of a gentle "S" for strength and ease of construction, as compared to one thrown straight across a stream. Other "S" bridges are located on US Rt. 40 about 6 km west of Cambridge and 8 km east of Old Washington (both in Guernsey County) [69,102].

• The world famous Zanesville Y-Bridge, originally built in 1814 as part of Zane's Trace and the Old National Road and rebuilt in 1902, has been commemorated by the Ohio Society of Professional Engineers for its unique design [102].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Noble County are found in the following locations [12,53-56]:

Brookfield Twp.: Cumberland Mine Area in

Elk Twp.: Wayne National Forest

Noble Twp.: Wolf Run State Park

Noble and Jefferson Twps.: Eastern Ohio Resources Development Center

Seneca Twp.: Rich Woods

Wayne Twp.: Seneca Lake

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Pennsylvanian Age sandstones, shales, limestones, and coals; Permian Age rocks; oil and gas wells; Appalachian Plateau; lakes and ponds; oak-hickory forests; aquatic plants and animals [53,55].

• A "monster" white oak (Quercus alba) near Sarahsville was measured by General Rutherford B. Hayes and John A. Bingham, Minister to Japan, and found to have a girth of 10.5 m (1875). A skeptical General James A. Garfield later confirmed the circumference measurement while passing through the area. The largest existing white oak tree in Ohio (Hocking County) has a circumference of 6.2 m [28,94].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• First oil well in Ohio was drilled near South Olive by Silas Thorla (1814); he inadvertently struck oil while searching for salt brine. Thought to be of little value, it was given the name "Seneca oil" and sold as a treatment for rheumatism, sprains, and bruises to local farmers [11,33,94,105].

• Macksburg Oil Field, on the Noble-Washington County border, witnessed a series of boom and bust cycles more dramatic than any other field in the region from the 1860s until the turn of the century. The first well in the field was drilled by James Dutton (1860); he hit a valuable vein of oil at 18 m which yielded a return of $28.00 per barrel [173].

• Due to a shortage of steel during World War I, President Woodrow Wilson ordered the building of wooden ships. Southern Noble County supplied huge oak and yellow poplar trees for this purpose (called "ship sticks" by loggers) that were shipped by railroad from South Olive to the East Coast [173].

• America's first helium-filled, lighter-than-air rigid airship, Shenandoah, split in two in a violent thunderstorm and crashed in a farm yard at Ava on 3 September 1925. The captain, US Navy Lt.-Commander Zachary Lansdowne of Greenville, OH, was one of 14 men who died when the control car plummeted to earth, but 29 others survived as the remaining parts of the airship slowly drifted to the ground [4,33,40,43].

• Seneca Lake, the largest of the Muskingum Watershed Concervation District’s 10 lakes (1,437 hectares), and dam were constructed by the US Army Corps of Engineers (1935-1937) and the Civilian Conservation Corps built the surrounding public park facilities (1938-1940), the District’s first park [173].

• Noble County Airport, near Belle Valley, was built in 90 days in response to a challenge levelled by Governor James A. Rhodes (1964). The 1,500-m runway was literally built by moving a mountain and was accomplished without resorting to an increase of bonded indebtedness [173].

• "Big Muskie," the world’s largest earth moving machine, was built by THE Bucyrus-Erie Company in the late 1960s for the Central Ohio Coal Company (American Electric Power System) to mine coal in Noble County. ITS 13,500 ton dragline had a bucket caPacity of 170 m³ and a boom length of 95 m. Now retired, "Big Muskie" can be seen on a tour of "The Wilds" [173].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Jo Caldwell surveyed and platted a town on Duck Creek in that came to be known as Caldwell and the seat of Noble County. Noble County was the last county to be organized in Ohio (1851) [4].

• Dr. Robert Downey, a Caldwell physician, manufactured one of the first headache capsules and opened the Downey Institution (1893) for "the work of unmaking drunkards" and patients suffering from "drug diseases - opium, morphine, cocaine, and chloral habits." He also offered a mail-order tobacco cure. The Institute operated for over 10 years [173].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Ball-Caldwell House, Caldwell – brick house built by Samual Caldwell (1832), the first house to be constructed in Caldwell [173].

• St. Mary’s Church of the Immaculate Conception, Fulda – impressive structure of Gothic architecture built by German settlers (1874) [173].

• Manchester Bridge, Sharon Twp. – located on the Buckeye Trail, this covered bridge was built after the 1913 flood to replace an earlier bridge destroyed by that great catastrophy. This was the last covered bridge built to carry public highway traffic in Noble County [56,165].

• Shenandoah Monument, Ava – memorial to the captain and crew of the ill-fated dirigible (1925) [4].

• Noble County Courthouse, Caldwell – built as a Civil Works Administration project during the 1930s Depression (1934; Thomas Drake, architect). The rectangular building was constructed of brick manufactured in nearby Ada and ornimented in the Renaissance Revival style with a facing of rusticated sandstone [132,133].

• Eastern Ohio Resource Development Center, Belle Valley – operated as a branch of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center at Wooster (Wayne County) since 1965, this 830-hectare Center is used to test agricultural and natural resources methods for application in the Appalachian Plateau [173].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Ottawa County are found in the following locations [12,27,38,53-56,141,187]:

Bay Twp.: Little Portage Wildlife Area & Winous Point

Benton Twp.: Crane Creek State Park

Benton & Carroll Twps.: Crane Creek Wildlife Experiment Station

Benton, Erie, & Carroll Twps.: Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge

Carroll Twp.: Magee Marsh Wildlife Area & Toussaint Wildlife Area

Catawba Island Twp.: Catawba Island State Park

Clay Twp.: Redbud

Danbury Twp.: Cook's Woods, East Harbor State Park, Englebeck Cedar Woods, Lakeside Daisy State Nature Preserve, Marblehead Lighthouse-Lakeside, Marblehead Quarries, Middle Harbor, and Sand Point

Elmore: Schedel Foundation Arboretum & Gardens

Put-in-Bay Twp.: Crystal Cave-Perry's Cave, Fox Pond/Smith's Pond-North Bass Island, F. T. Stone Laboratory-Terwilligar's Pond, Green Island, Haunck's Pond- Middle Bass Island, Put-in-Bay State Fish Hatchery, South Bass Island State Park, & West Sister Island

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Silurian and Devonian dolomites and limestones exposed along Lake Erie shoreline of mainland and islands; gypsum quarry and mine; solution caves and sinkholes; Lake Plain; abandoned beach ridges of post-glacial lakes; glacial grooves; ash-elm-red maple woods; oak-maple woods; tallgrass prairies; Lakeside daisy (Hymenoxys herbacea); Lake Erie coastal marshes, estuaries, barrier beaches, sand spits; swamp forests, fish spawning reefs, timber rattlesnakes; waterfowl and shorebirds, bald eagle nests [27,38,53,55,162,185].

• World’s largest strontium sulfate crystals (celestite) are located in Crystal Cave on South Bass Island [105].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Dr. Lee deForest and his assistant Frank Buttler conducted experiments in Lake Erie off Put-in-Bay in ship-to-shore radio transmission (1907), which led to the development of radar, radio, and television. Using the Sandusky-based yacht, Thelma, owned by Commodore W. R. Huntington of Elyria, the progress of the Interlake Yachting Regatta was transmitted as the race was run [26].

• Established west of Port Clinton as the Camp Perry Proving Grounds (1918) and later designated the Erie Proving Grounds and Ordnance Depot, artillery, tank and anti-aircraft guns, and armor plate have been tested here since World War I. Most test firing takes place over a large restricted area of western Lake Erie [102].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Dr. Milton Bernhard Trautman (1899-1991), born in Columbus, was Professor of zoology at The Ohio State University where he conducted fisheries research for over 20 years at the F. T. Stone Labortory, Put-in-Bay. The main product of this work is his classic Fishes of Ohio (1957; rev., 1981), considered to be the finest regional ichthyology book. An earlier work, Birds of Buckeye Lake (1940), is also considered a classic by ornithologists [87,147].

• Dr. Thomas Huxley Langlois (1898-1968), born in Detroit and graduate of The Ohio State University, was a fisheries ecologist and the first full-time director of the Franz Theodore Stone Institute of Hydrobiology at Put-in-Bay (1938-1955). His book, The Western End of Lake Erie and Its Ecology (1954) is a classic in the field of limnology [147].

• Dr. Paul Ralph Ehrlich born in Philadelphia, PA (1932) and educated at the University of Kansas, conducted herpetological research on the Lake Erie Islands, particularly the genetic and environmental relationships to color variations and natural selection in Lake Erie water snakes (1960). His best seller, The Population Bomb (1969), played a major role in triggering worldwide ecological movements in the early 1970s [147,160].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Marblehead Lighthouse is the oldest lighthouse in continuous service on the Great Lakes. William Kelly of Sandusky constructed the lighthouse on a rocky point of the Marblehead Peninsula in 1821 [94].

• Lakeside Historical District, Marblehead Peninsula – Methodist retreat with an exceptional collection of late-19th century hotels, assembly halls, and small Gothic Revival cottages [37].

• Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory (fornerly Institute of Hydrobiology), Put-in-Bay – founded in Sandusky in 1895; moved to Gibraltar Island in Put-in-Bay harbor in 1928 [4].

• Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial, Put-in-Bay – better known as Perry’s Monument, this 107-m high Doric column commemorates Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry’s victory over the British Fleet in Lake Erie during the War of 1812 [4,56].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Paulding County are found in the following locations [55,56]:

Jackson Twp.: Abandoned Miami-Erie Canal lands

Paulding Twp.: Paulding Ponds Wildlife Area on Flat Rock Creek

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: flat Lake Plain underlain by rocks of Tymochtee Dolomite of the Monroe Group (Silurian Period); Wisconsinan ground moraine and post-glacial lake deposits; ash-elm-red maple woods; Black Swamp forest of hickory and swamp white oak; tallgrass prairie; aquatic vegetation and associated aquatic animals; waterfowl [53,55,163].

• Portions of the Maumee River Valley in Defiance, Henry, Lucas, Paulding, and Wood Counties (155 km) have been designated as a State Scenic and Recreational River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1974) [27].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Situated in what was once the heart of the massive northwestern Ohio wetlands known as the Black Swamp, Paulding County is the most level county in the State. The Black Swamp Museum in Paulding documents the massive engineering efforts required to drain the Swamp an reclaim the land for agriculture [12,37].

• Antwerp, located in the middle of the region once known as the Black Swamp, was a dense swamp forest 150 years ago, almost completely submerged and avoided by westbound settlers. In the 1840s canals built along the Maumee River provided a means of transportation through the area and interest grew in the fertile swampland. A vast reclamation project transformed the once forbidding region into farmland and Antwerp soon developed into a prosperous farming community [46].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Otto E. Ehrhart (1884-1963), born in Germany and raised on a Paulding County farm near Antwerp, was a self-taught naturalist who received the recognition of noted scientists. His specimens included 500 mounted birds, 1,200 bird eggs, 7,000 insects, and numerous reptiles and mammals, making it the largest individual natural history collection in Ohio. His celebrated collection is on display at the Otto E. Ehrhart Museum in the Antwerp City Hall [94].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Norfolk and Western Railroad Depot and Otto E. Erhart Museum, Anwerp [37,94].

• Paulding County Courthouse (1887; E. O. Falls, architect) and Black Swamp Museum, Paulding [37,94,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Perry County are found in the following locations [12,53,55,56]:

Clayton Twp.: Perry Reclamation Area & Perry State Forest

Coal & Monroe Twps.: Sunday Creek Wildlife Area

Hopewell Twp.: Fort Glenford

Monroe & Salt Lick Twps.: Wayne National Forest

Reading Twp.: Clouse Lake Wildlife Area

Thorn Twp.: Buckeye Lake State Park

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Pennsylvanian Age sandstones, shales, limestones, and coals showing cyclothem arrangement; unglaciated Allegheny Plateau; lakes and ponds (acid); beech-maple and oak-hickory forests; relict chestnut stands; ferns [53,55].

• Lowest recorded Ohio temperature, -39.4° C, occurred in Milligan (10 February 1899) [33].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• One of Ohio's earliest pipelines was constructed in 1893 to deliver crude oil from wells at Corning to the Ohio River at Marietta. The 55-km pipeline carried 100,000 liters of oil a day [94].

• At least 12 strata of clay underlies Perry County which formed the basis of a pottery industry that was first established in the mid-1800s. The clays were divided into three main types: fire clay, pottery clay and brick clay. Roseville opened its first pottery in 1838 and Crooksville followed in 1874, the latter becoming know as the "Clay City" of Perry County because of its production of dinnerware in the early 1900s. In 1906, the Ransbottom Brothers Pottery Company of Roseville became the nation's top producer, manufacturing 45,000 liters of stoneware jars per day [94].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Robert Owens, Perry County native, invented the double-action tool known as the ratchet wrench (1913) [37].

• Dr. Dewight Moore DeLong (1892-1984), born in Corning and educated at The Ohio State University (Ph.D., 1922), was Professor of zoology and entomology at The Ohio State University (1921-1984) and a specialist in leafhoppers. He published some 450 scientific papers dealing with leafhopper systematics. DeLong also served as Director of the Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory, OSU’s biological Research station on Lake Erie (1936-1937) [25,182].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• In Roseville, the Robinson-Ransbottom Pottery Company (Muskingum County) offers public tours of their manufacturing facilities. The Ohio Historical Society operates the Ohio Ceramic Center, a cluster of five buildings between Crooksville and Roseville, as a museum and craft demonstration center of the early ceramic industry of the region. Roseville and Crooksville host an annual Pottery Festival in July [14,94,102].

• Old Perry County Courthouse and Public Square, Somerset – best remaining of the first generation of Ohio courthouses, is a Federal-style, nearly square building with a hipped roof and a central tower (1826) [37,133].

• Perry County Courthouse, New Lexington – Millersburg sandstone (quarried in Holmes County) facework (1886; J. W. Yost, architect) [132,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Pickaway County are found in the following locations [12.27,53-56,187]:

Circleville Twp.: Kibler Bog

Darby Twp.: Cedar Bluff

Darby, Muhlenberg, & Jackson Twps.: Big Darby Creek

Madison Twp.: Slate Run

Monroe Twp.: Deer Creek State Park & Highbanks

Monroe & Perry Twps.: Deer Creek Wildlife Area

Walnut Twp.: Stage's Pond State Nature Preserve

Washington Twp.: Marion State Park

Wayne Twp.: Calamus Swamp & Circleville Canal Wildlife Area

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: glaciated Till Plain underlain by Devonian limestones and shales; glacial kettle lake, eskers; west edge of Appalachian Plateau; abandoned canal lands; stream riffle habitat; tallgrass prairies; wetlands and marl bog; buttonbush swamp; waterfowl; aquatic plant and animals [27,53,55,162].

• Circleville Esker, north of Circleville, is one of the most prominent in Ohio. Eskers are compositions of sand and gravel which were deposited by meltwaters flowing in tunnels beneath a glacier in the form of snake-like ridges parallel to the direction of the ice movement [123].

• Portions of the Darby Creek Valley in Franklin, Madison, Pickaway, and Union Counties (132 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1984) [27].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Pickaway Plains, south of Circleville, is composed of glacial outwash material deposited by meltwaters and was covered by prairie vegetation, principally grasses, when the first European settlers arrived in the late 1700s. These conditions permitted the selttlers to convert the Pickaway Plains to site of bountiful agricultural production [123].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Virginia Jones (1827-1906) and Genevieve Estelle Jones (1847-1879), a mother and daughter team from Circleville, were pioneer ornithologists. Their book, Nests and Eggs of the Birds of Ohio, is one of the finest ornithological works of the period. The 329-page descriptive text is well illustrated by drawings made on lithographic stones and all hand colored. Completed in 1886 by the mother after the daughters death, only 50 colored copies were produced. Josephine Klippart, of Stark County and regarded as the Dean of Columbus artists, assisted Jones in preparing the color plates [The illustrations are known for their naturalism and veracity]. Klippart also prepared the color plates for the first Fish Report issued by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Some of the text for the 2-volume set is believed to have been written by other family members, Dr. Nelson E. Jones (1821-1901) and Dr. Howard E. Jones (1853-1945) [40,152,153].

• Caleb Atwater, resident and postmaster of Circleville, explored many of the prehistoric earthworks of his hometown and the surrounding region of Ohio and provided the best descriptions and plans of these mounds that have yet been made. In the first volume of the American Antiquarian Society's Transactions (1820) he published his classic work Description of the Antiquities Discovered in the State of Ohio and other Western States (1820). He has been called "the first true archaeologist" by Panchanan Mitra in his History of American Anthropology (1933) [64].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• A plaque marks the place 8 km south of Circleville where the Logan Elm once stood. Under this ancient tree Chief Logan of the Mingo tribe, in 1774, made his eloquent indictment of the white man's cruelties to his race. Considered to be one of the largest elms in America, the tree stood 20 m high, with a trunk circumference of 7 m and a foliage spread of 55 m, but it finally died from blight and storm damage [102].

• Green’s Heritage Museum, east of Darby – exhibits of 35 early stage coaches, surreys, and sleighs as well as an 1800’s general store and blacksmith shop [109].

• Ashville Heritage Museum, Ashville – Ashville Depot contains early railroad artifacts and an operating telegraph system [56].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Pike County are found in the following locations [12,53,55,56,187]:

Benton Twp.: Pike Lake State Park

Jackson Twp.: Hickson Run & Sandstone Bridge-Chimney Rocks

Mifflin Twp.: Cave Lake, Grassy Fork Woods, Kincaid Springs State Fish Hatchery, & Strait Creek Prairie Bluff

Mifflin, Perry, & Benton Twps.: Pike State Forest

Pee Pee Twp.: Lake White State Park

Perry Twp.: Overlook Hills

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Devonian and Mississippian Age shales (valleys) and sandstones (hilltops); natural sandstone bridge; glacial boundary at Cynthiana; dolomite cedar glades; unglaciated Allegheny Plateau; springs and lakes; cave; oak-hickory and beech-maple forests; tallgrass prairies; wild turkey; waterfowl [53,55,162,187].

• Pre-glacial Teays River Valley is dramatically visible on satellite images of south central Ohio. This ancient stream was a major river that flowed from Virginia, across Ohio, and then westward to the Mississippi River. The first glacial advance through Ohio, more than a million years ago, blocked the Teays River, destroyed the pre-glacial drainage pattern, and left an abandoned, dry valley in Pike and Sciota Counties [123].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• US Nuclear Regulatory Commission's facility south of Piketon (1952), formerly a part of the Atomic Energy Commission, is noted for its production of nuclear fuel, particularly uraniun-235 [105].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Robert Lewis, of Waverly, was a menber of the State Legislature and Governor of Ohio. He was influential in the construction of the Columbus to Portsmouth Canal which passed through Waverly (1832). His Pike County home, built in 1926, is still standing [4,5].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Waverly Canal Historic District, Waverly [37].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Portage County are found in the following locations [12,27,53-56,187]:

Atwater & Deerfield Twps.: Berlin Lake Wildlife Area

Aurora: Aurora Lake & Centerville Mill

Aurora & Streetsboro: Tinkers Creek Nature Preserve

Brimfield Twp.: Kent/Cooperrider Bog

Brimfield & Suffield Twps.: Magadore Reservoir

Charlestown & Edinburg Twps.: West Branch State Park

Franklin Twp.: Dollar Lake

Mantua Twp.: Crawford Woods, Mantua Swamp/Marsh Wetlands, & Tummonds Preserve

Nelson Twp.: Eagle Creek & Nelson-Kennedy Ledges State Park

Paris Twp.: Arsenal Land Nature Preserve

Randolph Twp.: Beverly Woods & Hostler Swamp

Ravenna Twp.: Jennings Woods

Rootstown Twp.: Bird Bog, Crystal Lake, Hodgson Lake, & Trangle Lake Bog

Shalersville Twp.: Rider Woods

Streetsboro: Beck Fen, Frame Lake Fen, Gott Fen, Streetsboro Bog, & Tinkers Creek State Park

Suffield Twp.: Flatiron Lake Bog & Hubert Hill

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Devonian and Mississippian Age shales and sandstones exposed in stream banks; ledges of Sharon Conglomerate (Pennsylvanian Period) form scenic overlooks; Wisconsinan glacial deposits underlain by sandstones, shales, and limestones of Pennsylvanian Age; great kame belt deposited in depressions of the wasting glacier; Kent end moraine; dissected Allegheny Plateau; lakes, tamarack-sphagnum bogs, and fens; waterfalls; beech-maple forests; hemlock in moist ravines; rich spring wildflower displays; swamps and marshes; migratory waterfowl; beaver and fox dens [27,53,55].

• Portions of the Chagrin River Valley in Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, and Portage Counties (79 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1979) [27].

• Portions of the Upper Cuyagoga River Valley in Geauga and Portage Counties (40 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1974) [27].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Ravenna, settled in 1799 by future US Senator Benjamin Tappen, was the site of pioneer glass factories, carrage works, and a tannery (owned by Jesse Grant, father of the Civil War General and President) [94].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Halcyon Skinner (1824-1900), of Portage County, devised carpet weaving machinery that was the forerunner of modern carpet weavers [153].

• James Fergason of Kent State University patented the nematic liquid twist cell (better known as the LCD - liquid crystal display), and John Janning of Dayton devised a method of permanently aligning liquid crystal molecules (1971), making possible digital watches and pocket calculators [37].

• John Davey (1846-1923), born in England and immigrated to Kent (1870), is known as the "Father of Tree Surgery." He established the Davey Institute of Tree Surgery in Kent and published his classic, The Planting and Care of Trees (1923) [151].

• Dr. Ralph Warren Dexter (1912-1991), born in Massachusetts and educated at the University of Illinois (Ph.D., zoology; 1938), was Professor of biological sciences at Kent State University (1940-1982). His special research interests were food habits of aquatic and marine invertebrates and flight characteristics of the chimney swift and night hawk. He has been described as one of the last general biologists [184].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• C. R. Howard House, Aurora – one of three Ohio cobblestone houses; this one has intricate Gothic Revival decorative bargeboards [37].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Preble County are found in the following locations [12,27,53-56,187]:

Dixon & Israel Twps.: Four Mile Creek

Gasper Twp.: Woodland Trails

Israel Twp.: Hueston Woods

Jackson Twp.: Campbellstown

Somers Twp.: Rush Run Wildlife Area

Twin Twp.: Imes Park

Washington Twp.: Fort St. Clair State Park & Seven Mile Creek Woods

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: fossiliferous limestones, dolomites, and shales of the Richmond and Niagara Formations (Ordovician and Silurian Ages); Wisconsinan ground and end moraines; lakes and ponds; waterfalls along Niagara escarpment; beech-maple and oak-hickory forests; wetlands; waterfowl [27,53,55].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• The National Pike, or Cumberland Road, was completed to the Indiana boarder near New Paris (1834). This road was begun during President Jefferson's administration to open up public lands in Ohio and the West. Beginning at Cumberland, MD, the National Pike was completed to the Ohio River at Wheeling in 1825. Across Ohio it ran through Zanesville, Columbus, and Springfield (approximate route of US 40 and I-70) and thence to Indianapolis, IN until it came to an end at Vandalia, IL. Originally the 335-km long pike was 24 m wide and built of broken stone on stone foundation. A National Road Museum in located in Muskingum County near Norwich [5, 44].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Rev. James B. Finley (1781-1857), resident of Eaton, worked as a Methodist missionary among the Indians of western Ohio. He chronicled Indian lifestyles in several books, including: An Account of the Wyandot Mission and Life Among the Indians [44].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Roberts Bridge over Sevenmile Creek, northwest of Eaton, is the oldest standing covered bridge and the last of the "double-barreled" spans in Ohio. Built by Orlistus Roberts and J. L. Campbell in 1829, its three burr-arch trusses of native oak and poplar, with a clear span of 22 m, support a two-lane roadway. A plaque commemorating the early covered bridge builders of Ohio and the important spans they constructed was erected at this site by the Ohio Society of Professional Engineers in 1962 [56,102].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Putnam County are found in the following locations [53,55,56]:

Ottawa Twp.: Leipsic Reserve-Pike Run

Monterey Twp.: Ottoville Quarries

Perry Twp.: Cascade Park-Auglaize River

Union Twp.: Kalida Fish & Game Farm

Van Buren Twp.: Yellow Creek Reservoir

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Wisconsinan Till Plain and post-glacial Lake Plain; Silurian Age dolomite outcrops form rapids in Auglaize River; lakes; beech-maple forests; oak-hickory forests; Black Swamp vegetation along flood plains; marshes; nesting waterfowl; pheasant and quail [53,55].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• The first road in Putnam County was built by General Anthony Wayne (1794) between Fort Recovery (Mercer County) and Defiance (Defiance County) [5].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• General William Henry Harrison, during the War of 1812, erected Fort Jennings on the Auglaize River in Jennings Twp.

• George Allison Griffith, born in Vaughsville (1901) and educated at International College (Fort Wayne, IN), was a dedicated conservationist, particularly devoted to preserving trout and their environment. He was a founder (1959) and President (1961) of Trout Unlimited, a national, nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving clean waters and fostering fisheries research and management based on sound biological and ecological knowledge. He did much to improve the fish habitat of the Tri-State Region (IN, MI, and OH) {[147].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Putnam County Courthouse, Ottawa – one of the truely great Beaux Arts style buildings in Ohio, of Italian Renaissance design (1913; Frank Packard and Ralph Snyder, architects). A statue of a fireman carrying a lantern and holding a baby, at the southwest corner of the courthouse, honors firemen who lost their lives in the line of duty. The original courthouse (1834) was destroyed by fire (1866) as were many early Ohio courthouses [37,132,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Richland County are found in the following locations [53-56,187]:

Butler Twp.: Fowler Woods

Mansfield: Kingwood Center

Mifflin Twp.: Charles Mill Lake & Fleming Falls

Monroe Twp.: Fern Gorge, Malabar Farm State Park, & Pipe's Cliff

Monroe & Worthington Twps.: Pleasant Hill Lake

Troy Twp.: Clear Fork Reservoir

Washington & Worthington Twps.: Opossum Run-Hidden Hollow

Worthington Twp.: Hemlock Falls & Pleasant Hill Cliff

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Mississippian sandstones exposed in ravines; glaciated, dissected Allegheny Plateau; Wisconsinan and Illinoian glacial deposits; lakes and swamps; waterfalls; mixed oak and beech-maple forests; ferns and hemlock in deep narrow gorges; tallgrass prairies; migratory waterfowl [53,55,162].

• Small quantities of gold were first discovered in Ohio by Dr. James C. Lee (1853) while panning Deadman’s Run near Bellville. This and 19 other documented occurrences of gold in Ohio are located near the glacial margins were ice deposited ground-up Canadian rocks as it melted. Deposits in Clermont, Richland, and Ross Counties still yield small amounts of gold to persistent prospectors [105,121].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Henry Lozier and Joseph Yost, founded America's first seamless steel tube mill in Shelby (1891). First known as the Shelby Steel Tube Company, it produced steel tubing for the booming bicycle industry and for special applications such as the Wright Brothers' airplanes. By 1900 the company had been purchased by US Steel Company and was the world's leading manufacturer of steel tubing [94].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• The city of Mansfield was named for Colonel Jared Mansfield, Professor of civil engineering at West Point Military Academy, who was appointed by President Thomas Jefferson to come to Ohio and correct mistakes in the original land surveys (1803-1812). Mansfield established a small geodesy observatory in Cincinnati for the purpose of determining latitude and longitude and establishing the primary meridian for the land survey system of the Northwest [4,10].

• Louis Bromfield (1896-1956), born in Mansfield, was a Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist and scientific farmer/conservationist. He won the Audubon Medal of the National Audubon Society for his concervation work in central Ohio. His Pleasant Valley home, Malabar Farm, is now operated as a model farm and agrcultural/ecological research center by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Bromfield’s philosophy on agriculture and soil conservation are summed up in his books: Pleasant Valley (1945), Malabar Farm (1948), Out of Earth (1950), and From my Experience (1955) [4,56,73,125,147].

• Dr. Daniel Loney Leedy, born in Butler (1912) and educated at Miami University and The Ohio State University (Ph.D., 1940; wildlife ecology), was Leader of the Ohio Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, US Fish and Wildlife Service (1945) and Coordinator of the National Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit Program, Washington, DC (1949). Later he was appointed research scientist for the Office of Water Resources Research, US Department of Interior (1964). He authored nearly 100 artticles in biological and other scientific publications [147].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Johnny Appleseed Monument, Mansfield [149].

• Oak Hill Cottage, Mansfield – spectacular Gothic Revival cottage with exceptional exterior and interior design [37].

• Kingwood Hall, Mansfield – 27-room mansion built by industrialist Charles Kelley King on a 19-hectare tract of land; formal gardens and an orangery. The Hall contains a public lending library of books on botany, gardening, and natural history [125,141].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Ross County are found in the following locations [12,53-56,187]:

Buckskin & Paint Twps.: Paint Creek State Park

Colerain & Harrison Twps.: Tar Hollow State Forest & Park

Franklin Twp.: Higby Prairie & Scioto Trail State Forest & Park

Green Twp.: Betsch Fen & Goodman Bog

Paint Twp.: Humbolt Deposit-Hevins Hill, Paint Creek Gorge, & Paint Creek Wildlife Area

Paint & Paxton Twps.: Paint Creek Falls & The Point-Rocky Fork

Scioto Twp.: Daily-Hirsh Woods

Springfield Twp.: Great Seal State Park & Ross Lake Wildlife Area

Twin Twp.: Beath Ridge

Union Twp.: Pleasant Valley Wildlife Area

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: sandstone-topped hills (Mississippian Age); monadnocks; preglacial Teays River Valley; Wisconsinan and Illinoian glacial deposits; glaciated and unglaciated Allegheny Plateau; flood plain forest; oak-hickory and beech-maple forests; tallgrass prairies; marl bog; wild turkeys [53,55,162].

• Hermit’s Cave, north of Alma, is an outcrop of Berea Sandstone (Mississippian Period) which formed a rock-shettler cave where William Hewitt, a former Virginia aristocrat, lived from 1820 to 1834. A monument marks the approximate site of the cave which was destroyed by roof collapse and widening of the highway (US Route 23) [4,123].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Mound City Group National Monument, on the Scioto River north of Chillicothe, preserves the largest known concentration of prehistoric Hopewell Indian earthworks. From 200 BC to 500 AD, the Ohio River Valley was the focal region of the Hopewell culture. They left behind a vast system of earthworks and burial mounds, containing elaborate artwork, tools, and ceremonial objects. The Mound City group consists of a rectangular earthen enclosure (5.2 hectares), within which are located 24 burial mounds. The largest mound is 5.3 m high and 27.4 m in diameter. Established in 1923 as a National Monument, a visitor center museum now exhibits objects excavated by archaeologists working on the mounds [63,64].

• In 1825, Dr. John Harris settled in Bainbridge, where he practiced medicine and dentistry. In November 1827 Dr. Harris established a private school for dental and medical training. His students became the outstanding dentists of that period and his school had a profound influence on dental education in America, being called the "Cradle of Dental Education." His brother Chapin A. Harris, who studied dentistry with him at Bainbridge, established the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery (1840) and was editor of the American Journal of Dental Science. These were the first dental colleges and dental journal in the world. Student James Taylor founded the Ohio College of Dental Surgery at Cincinnati (1845) and was editor of the Dental Register of the West, the second dental college and journal in the world. Another one of Dr. Harris’ famous students was Dr. Wesley Samples, who pulled the first tooth Abraham Lincoln ever had extracted by a Dentist. The building that housed Dr. Harris’ dental school in Bainbridge, the first in the nation, has been restored as museum and as a memorial to the early pioneers of dentistry [40,94,118].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Felix Renick (1771-1848), of Ross County, was the first person to introduce full-blooded English shorthorn cattle into southern Ohio (1834). He also served as the first President of the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad (1834) [153].

• Archaeologists Ephraim George Squier (1821-1888) and Edwin Hamilton Davis (1811-1888) mapped and partially excavated the Mound City group starting in 1846. Their classic treatise on the Moundbuilders, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley (1848), was the first publication of the newly founded Smithsonian Institution and marks the beginning of modern archaeology in America by providing descriptive information rather than speculation [63,64]. Dr. William C. Mills, Director of the Museum of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society, and his assistant H. C. Shetone conducted extensive investigations of the site in the early 1920s and supervised restoration of the earthworks which had been leveled during World War I to build Camp Sherman [63,64].

• Dard Hunter, born in Steubenville (1883) and lived much of his adult life in Chillicothe, was one of the world’s foremost authorities on the art of paper making. He was Director of the Institute of Papermaking at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1952). His work, Papermaking by Hand in America (1950) was printed from a hand-cut font of type [152,153].

• John Harper Melvin (1906-1977), born in Chillicothe and educated at Ohio Wesleyan University (1931) and The Ohio State University (M.S., 1933), was Ohio State Geologist (1947-1957) and Executive Officer of the Ohio Academy of Science (1961-1975) [11].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Story Mound State Memorial, in Chillicothe, is significant in Ohio archaeology because it was the first recognized example of prehistoric Adena Indian (800 BC to 100 AD) architectural style. The 6-m high burial mound was excavated by Clarence Loveberry (1897) and yielded the first documented circular Adena timber building, a structural type now known as typical of these people's ceremonial and domestic architecture [102].

• Seip Mound, near Bainbridge, is the central mound of a group of geometric earthworks built by the Hopewell Indians (100 BC to 500 AD). Although worn down by the actions of wind, water, and farming, Seip Mound is still a prominent fearture on the gently rolling countryside at 75 m long, 50 m wide, and 10 m high [102].

• Adena on Mount Logan was Senator and Governor Thomas Worthington's scenic hilltop estate near Chillicothe. Benjamin Latrobe, engineer and architect, designed the Georgian mansion of bluff-colored sandstone (1807) that was then regarded as one of the finest houses in the "West." The view from Mount Logan inspired the design of Ohio's Great Seal [102]

• Ross County Courthouse, Chillicothe – one of Ohio’s most exuberant courthouses (1857; Collins and Authenrieth, architects) with a grand portico supported by massive corner piers and colossal Corinthian columns; situated in a fine commercial district [37,132,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Sandusky County are found in the following locations [12,53-56]:

Ballville Twp.: Sandusky River

Ballville & Green Creek Twps.: Green Springs State Nursery-Green Creek

Fremont: Spiegel Grove (Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center)

Green Creek Twp.: St. Francis Springs & Spring Woods

Riley Twp.: Muddy Creek Bay-Pickerel Creek

Townsend Twp.: Bayshore Wetlands, Miller Blue Hole, Resthaven Wildlife Area, & Willow Point Wildlife Area

Washington Twp.: Aldrich Pond State Wildlife Area

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Silurian limestones and dolomites; Wisconsinan ground moraine and Lake Plain; abandoned post-glacial lake beach ridges; caves, sulfur springs, sinkholes, and blue holes; artesian wells; mixed hardwoods; elm-ash swamp forests; tallgrass prairies; coastal marshes and estuaries; stickleback and sculpin in blue hole streams; waterfowl [53,55,162].

• Portions of the Sandusky River Valley in Sandusky, Seneca, and Wyandot Counties (105 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1970) [27].

• World’s largest sulfur springs, St. Francis Springs, are located in the valley of Green Creek at Green Springs. These springs never freeze [56,105].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Charles Stilwell, Fremont native, first designed and manufactured the free-standing, flat-bottomed, brown paper bag(1883). He called his invention the S.O.S., which stood for "Self-Opening Sack" and soon became indispensable to grocers [37].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Sardis Birchard, a pioneer entrepreneur and uncle of President Rutherford B. Hayes, developed Spiegle Grove as the family home (1850) and founded the Birchard Public Library (1870) in Fremont [4].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Monument to Major Geoge Croghan, defender of Fort Stephenson on the Sandusky River and hero of the War of 1812, is located on the grounds of Birchard Public Library, Fremont [4].

• The Hayes Presidential Center, at Spiegel Grove in Fremont, contains the residence of Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States; a library and museum; the tomb of the President and his wife Lucy Webb Hayes; and a forest grove. The name "Spiegel," German for mirror, comes from the reflecting pools of water under the forest trees. Many of the trees are named for famous Americans and visiting foreign dignitaries, a custom begun by Hayes [102].

• Sandusky County Courthouse, Fremont – flat-roofed Doric portico of Greek Revival style with a square tower and octagonal lantern (1844) [4,131,132,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Scioto County are found in the following locations [12,53-56,187]:

Brush Creek Twp.: Tom's Hollow

Brush Creek & Rarden Twps.: Brush Creek State Forest

Liberty Twp.: Basic Wildlife Area

Nile Twp.: Middle Brook Hollow, Rocky Hollow, & Shawnee State Forest & Park

Rush Twp.: Mead Experiment Forest

Union Twp.: Snake Hollow

Washington Twp.: Raven Rock

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Mississippian Age sandstones and shales exposed in ravines; unglaciated rolling hills and highly dissected terrain of the Allegheny Plateau; lakes; oak-hickory forests; tuliptrees; shortleaf pine on dry sites; mountain laurel, pink azaleas, and rhododendron; hemlock and yew in cool ravines; tallgrass prairies; reptiles and amphibians; deer [53,55,162].

• Most forested county in the State (105,000 hectares). Forested lands occupy 67% of Scioto County compared to a statewide average of 24%. When the earliest settlers arrived in Ohio about 95% of the land was covered by mature hardwood forests (primarily mixed oak), but by 1940 only 11% of the State was forested. Wayne National Forest, Brush Creek State Forest, and Shawnee State Forest are located in Scioto County. The steep, often rugged terrain of the Allegheny Plateau in this county gives rise to its reference as Ohio's "Little Smokies" [24, 37].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Portsmouth Shale (Mississippian Period), which crops out between Lucasville and Portsmouth, was once the source material for an important paving-brick industry. In 1916 four large paving-brick plants were active in the Portsmouth area and produced what was considered the finest high-grade paving brick in the United States [123].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Reese Thomas, of Portsmouth, was the first to experiment with local deposits of fire clay for the manufacture of firebrick (1836) [105].

• William Brodbeck Herms (1876-1949), born in Portsmouth and educated at Baldwin-Wallace College (Berea, Cuyahoga County) and The Ohio State University (M.S., 1906), was Professor of parasitology and entomology at the University of California (1908-1946) and introduced malaria control in the West (1908) and in Virgina during World War I. He published: Malaria: Causes and Control (1913), Mosquito Control (1944), and Medical Entomology (1949) [152,161].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Otway Bridge, spanning Brush Creek in Brush Creek Twp., was erected in 1874 by the Smith Bridge Company of Toledo. Robert W. Smith was granted patents for the timber trusses in 1867 and 1869 that were used in this 61-m, timber covered bridge. A plaque commemorating the early covered bridge builders of Ohio and honoring the men of the local community who so ably assisted them was erected at this site by the Otway Community Society for the Preservation of Historic Landmarks [102].

• Greenup Lock and Dam located on the Ohio River near Franklin Furnace [37].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Seneca County are found in the following locations [12,27,53,55,56,187]:

Big Spring Twp.: Cary Muck & Springville Marsh

Bloom Twp.: Bloomville Marsh

Clinton Twp.: Tiffin Woods

Clinton, Pleasant, & Seneca Twps.: Sandusky River Valley

Liberty Twp.: Basic Wildlife Area

Pleasant Twp.: Knoblaugh Wildlife Sanctuary & Sugar Creek

Reed Twp.: Wickwire-Shade Nature Preserve

Seneca Twp.: Collier Woods

Thompson Twp.: Seneca Caverns

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: solution cave in Columbus Limestone with stalactites and stalagmites; subterranean stream flows at 50 m below the surface of the ground; Wisconsinan glacial deposits; Defiance end Moraine; Sandusky River flood plain; beech-maple forests; elm-ash woodlands; tallgrass prairie buttonbush swamp [27,53,55,162].

• Portions of the Sandusky River Valley in Sandusky, Seneca, and Wyandot Counties (105 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1970) [27].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Discovery of natural gas near Tiffin in 1888 turned the Sandusky River village into an industrial center [46].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• John Hedges surveyed and laid out the town plan for Tiffin in 1820 [4].

• Dr. Arthur George McQuate (1896-1973), born in Huntington (Lorain County) and educated at Denison University, University of Michigan, and The Ohio State University (Ph.D., botany; 1954), was an aquatic botanist specializing in algal photosynthesis. He served as Professor and Head of Heidelberg College’s Department of Biological Sciences (1944-1966). He is best known for his pioneering publication, Photosynesis and Pespiration of the Phytoplankton in Sandusky Bay (1954) [184].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Tiffin Historic District and Heidelberg College (1850), Tiffin [37].

• Seneca County Courthouse, Tiffin – statue of the a native son and great orator, General William H. Gibson, dominates the grounds surrounding the massive cut sandstone courthouse (1884; Elijah E. Myers, architect) [4,132,133].

• Ritz Theatre, Tiffin – Italian Renaissance style with Czechoslovkian crystal chandeliers and hand-painted garden murals flanking the orchestra area [46].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Shelby County are found in the following locations [12,27,53-56,187]:

Clinton Twp.: Sidney Cut

Cynthian Twp.: Ernst Woods

Jackson Twp.: Gross Woods

McLean Twp.: Blackberry Island

Perry & Salem Twps.: Great Miami River

Van Buren & McLean Twps.: Lake Loramie State Park

Washington Twp.: Lockington Locks & Reserve

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Wisconsinan ground and end moraines underlain by Silurian dolomites; lakes with islands; oak-hickory forests; white, virgin red, and burr oak (100-300 years old); aquatic plants and animals [27,53,55].

• Since 1875, more than 40 earthquakes have originated near the village of Anna, making it the "Earthquake Capital of Ohio." One, on 9 March 1937, was the worst quake ever recorded with an Ohio epicenter (Richter scale: 5.5).

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Lockington Locks, constructed on the Miami-Erie Canal south of Sidney (1845), consisted of six magnificent, hand-dressed stone locks by which the canal floated its barges up the 20 m rise of the Loramie Summit, the highest point in the canal between Cincinnati and Toledo (150 m above the Ohio River level). Another pioneer marvel built here was a stone aqueduct which took the canal over Loramie Creek [4, 102].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Benjamin Slusser (1828-1899), of Sidney, invented and manufactured the sheet-steel road scrapper, the self-loading excavator, and other construction equipment. The Slusser & McClean Scraper Company, Sidney, with its large blacksmith shop, emery wheelhouse, and fuel storage facilities was the largest scrapper works in the United states in the 1880s [94].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Lockington Locks, at Lockington, are among the best preserved canal locks in Ohio. Also found at this site are the lock master's house, a dry-dock basin for boat repair, a sawmill race, a hydraulic feeder which supplied water for Piqua industries, abutments for the aqueduct which spanned Loramie Creek, and the Sydney Feeder which supplied water to the canal from Indian Lake Reservoir [102].

• People’s Federal Savings and Loan Association, Sidney – best preserved of Louis Sullivan’s eight midwestern banks. Also located on East Court Street are the Shelby County Courthouse (1881; George H. Maetzel, architect) and the Victorian Gothic style Monumental Building (1877) [37,132,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Stark County are found in the following locations [12,27,53-56,187]:

Canton: Canton Park System encircling Canton

Canton & Pike Twps.: North Industry Gorge

Jackson Twp.: Jackson Bog & Timken-Stewart Bog

Lake Twp.: Quail Hollow State Park

Lawrence Twp.: Tuscarawas River

Lexington Twp.: Berlin Lake Wildlife Area

Marlboro Twp.: Marlington Wilderness & Zellers Swamp

Paris Twp.: Black Run

Perry Twp.: Sippo Lake

Pike Twp.: Bolivar Reservoir-Bear Run

Sugar Creek Twp.: Beach City Wildlife Area, Brewster Bog, Sigrist Woods, & Stark Wilderness Center (also adjacent areas of Holmes, Tuscarawas, & Wayne Counties)

Tuscarawas Twp.: Hartville Bog

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Pennsylvanian sandstones, shales, and coals; Wisconsinan and Illinoian glacial deposits; kame complex; glacially reversed stream; lakes and ponds; virgin deciduous forest; beech-maple woods; tallgrass prairies; buttonbush swamp and sphagnum bog; marshes; waterfowl; beaver dam and lodge [27,53,55,162].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Thomas Rotch, a wealthy Nantucket whaler, founded Kendal (now a part of Massillon) in the early 1800s and was the first to introduce Spanish merino sheep to Ohio with a flock of 400 driven overland from New England by Arvine Wales [5].

• Ohio's first municipal sewage treatment plant was built in Canton (1892), before Ohio law required approved public sewerage installations. When built, it was not only the first chemical precipitin plant west of the Allegheny Mountains, but it was the largest in the United States. The original 1893 laboratory and office are still in existence [2].

• Dr. Levi L. Lamborn of Alliance, developed a scarlet carnation (1870s) that became President William McKinley's trademark. In 1901, only a few months into his second term, President McKinley was assassinated while visiting the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, NY. In memory of McKinley, who was born in Niles (1843), the Ohio General Assembly designated Lamborn's scarlet carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) as Ohio's official State flower (1904) [94,98].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Murray Spangler, a janitor from Canton, invented and patented an electric suction sweeper (1907-1908). Lacking the finances to go into commercial production, Spangler went into partnership with Herbert W. Hoover, a leather goods manufacturer from North Canton. In 1908 they began to market their electric carpet cleaner nationwide, under the name "Hoover," with an advertisement in the Saturday Evening Post [33,42].

• Herbert Henry Dow (1866-1930), born in Canada and educated at Case School of Applied Science in Cleveland (B.S., 1888), discovered that the brine from deep wells near Canton were rich in bromine and developed and patented an electrolytic method for extracting bromine from the brine. He founded the Dow Process Company at Navarre (1895) to produce caustic soda and sodium hypochlorite. Later this facility became part of his newly formed Dow Chemical Company, headquartered at Midland, MI (1897). Dow was a pioneer in the US chemical industry who eventually was granted 100 patents as his company became one of the world's leading chemical manufacturers [34].

• Henry H. Timken (1868-1940), a carriage manufacturer from St. Louis, MO, secured a patent on the tapered roller bearing and built a factory in Cantor to produce his bearings (1898). Designed originally for buggies, carriages, and farm implements, the bearing later became a necessary part of the automobile. Timken's plant expanded phenomenally, becoming Canton's biggest factory and the world's largest manufacturer of roller bearings [50,144].

• Joshua Gibbs, of Canton, was an agricultural inventor who is noted for his improvements to the plow (1836) [105].

• Charles E. Wilson (1890-1961), born in Minerva, was President of General Motors Corporation (1941-1952). He served as Secretary of Defence under President Dwight D. Eisenhower (1952-1956) [71,153]

• Dr. Louis Pappenhaden (1895-1969), born in New York and educated at The Ohio State University (Ph.D., chemistry; 1926), was Professor and Head of Mount Union College’s Department of Chemistry (1925-1965). He was a chemisty teacher of high repute, receiving the Manufacturing Chemists Association’s Outstanding College Chemistry Teacher Award. More than 4,000 students studied chemistry in his classes, and more than 50 of these went on to earn a Ph.D. degree [184].

• Dr. George Willard White (1903-1985), born in North Lawrence and educated at The Ohio State University (M.A., 1925; Ph.D., 1933), was internationally known for his work in geohydrology and glacial geology. He served as Ohio State Geologist and Professor of geology at The Ohio State University (1946-1947) before moving on to the University of Illinois (1947-1971). He published numerous scientific papers: including, The Limestone Cave and Caverns of Ohio (1925) and Glacial Geology of Northeastern Ohio (1982) [184].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Magnolia Flouring Mills, Magnolia – 19th century grist mill, still operated by founding family (Elson); section of old Sandy-Beaver Canal nearby [135,141].

• McKinley National Memorial, Canton – tomb and monument to President William McKinley [5].

• McKinley Museum of History, Science, and Industry, Canton – science hall with "hands-on" exhibit and Hoover-Price Planetarium [37,163].

• Hoover Historical Center, North Canton – world's largest collection of sweepers and vacuum cleaners; located on the original Hoover family farmsted [37,42,163].

• Old Canal Days Museum and canalboat St. Helena, Canal Fulton [37].

• Glamorgan Castle, Dr. Levi L. Lamborn House, and Mount Union College, Alliance [4,37].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Summit County are found in the following locations [12,27,53-56,187]:

Akron: Akron Metropolitan Parks encircling Akron

Bath Twp.: Yellow Creek

Boston Twp.: Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area, Stumpy Basin, & Virginia/Kendall Park

Boston & Richfield Twps.: Furnace Run

Coventry Twp:. Akron State Fish Farm

Franklin Twp.: Knight Woods

Franklin & Green Twps.: Portage Lakes State Park.

Green Twp.: Nimisila Bog Meadow & Reservoir, Karlo Fen, Portage Lakes Wetlands, Singer Lake, Standard Bog, & Tamarack Lake

Hudson Twp.: Hudson Springs, Rider Lake, & Trumbull Nature Preserve

Richfield Twp.: Kniss Nature Park

Springfield Twp.: Cuyahoga Swamp

Stow Twp.: Durban Arboretum

Twinsburg Twp.: Cranberry Bog & Tinkers Creek Preserve

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Mississippian shales and sandstones; cliff-forming Sharon Conglomerate (Pennsylvanian Age); bog iron ore (limonite); Wisconsinan glacial deposits; Defiance end moraine; flood plain and deltaic deposits; waterfalls; ponds and bogs; abandoned canal lands; beech-maple forests; cool microclimates on north-facing slopes have hemlock, yew, and trailing arbutus; tallgrass prairie; cattail marsh and swamp forest; waterfowl; hawks [27,53,55,162].

• Akron Zoological Park, Akron – 11-hectare site in Perkins wood which houses more than 300 birds, reptiles, and mammals from several continents [46].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Western Reserve College, the first college in northern Ohio, was founded at Hudson in 1823. Although the school emphasized education in the classics and preparation for the ministry, it was strong in the sciences as well. In 1836, the College constructed the third observatory to be built in the country; under the direction of the noted mathematician Professor Elias Loomis (1811-1889), the observatory played a key role in developing a forerunner of the weather charts in use around the world today. In 1882 Western Reserve College moved to Cleveland and the Hudson campus became the home of the Western Reserve Academy, a highly rated secondary school. In 1967, Western Reserve University merged with Case Institute of Technology to become Case Western Reserve University [94,153].

• Robinson Clay Products Company grew to one of the nation’s largest manufactuters of vitrified clay sewer pipe and other clay products in the 1960s from a small pottery started in 1856 on the east side of Akron by Thomas Robinson (1856). The Company established a modern research laboratory in Parral (north of Dover in Tuscarawas County) and in 1919 acquired a controlling interest in the Ramsbottom Brothers Pottery at Roseville (Muskingum County) [144].

• Ferdinand Schumacher, a German immigrant, built the Empire Barley Mill, the first of Akron's pioneering cereal mills (1863), to supply the Union Army during the Civil War. His string of mills, which eventually became the Quaker Oats Company founded the American breakfast cereal industry. Schumacher invented a machine that cracked the hulls of cereal grains to produce rolled oats and the "pneumatic levitation" system which blew "puffed" cereal through kilometers of pipes from one mill to another, giving rise to the expression "shot from guns" [94,141].

• Benjamin Franklin Goodrich (1841-1888), Civil War surgeon and graduate of the Cleveland Medical College (now part of Case Western Reserve University), opened the first rubber factory in Akron (B. F. Goodrich Company, 1870) and developed rubber fire hose to replace leather hose. In 1896, B. F. Goodrich manufactured the first rubber tires made in Akron [3,37,71].

• Lewis Miller, Akron industrialist, started the Chautauqua Movement in the 1870’s (classes for Sunday School teachers) at Lake Chautauqua, NY. This self-improvement program started a national movement and represents the first organized, adult education in the United States [122].

• Ohio Columbus Barber (1841-1920), a flamboyant industrialist, founded the Diamond Match Company (1880) and laid out the town of Barberton (1891). Barber developed a technique of manufacturing book matches (1896) and in the early 1900s, his Barberton factory had a peak production of 250 million matches per day [33,94,186].

• The production of synthetic soda ash in America began at the Columbia Chemical Company's plant in Barberton (1900). The principal founder of the plant was John Pitcairn and the first manager was Hugh Allen Galt. Product from the plant was used in the glass industry, particularly by the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. In 1944 the world's deepest limestone mine (670 m) was opened near the plant to supply raw materials. The manufacture of soda ash at the plant was discontinued in 1973 [94].

• Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company was founded by Frank Seiberling in Akron (1898) and named for Charles Goodyear (1800-1860), inventor of the vulcanization process (1839) that made possible the growth of the rubber industry. Seiberling capitalized on the pneumatic tire breakthrough (1888) which ignited the bicycle mania of the 1890s [3,23].

• Firestone Tire and Rubber Company chartered in Akron by Harvey S. Firestone (1900), specialized in the development of pneumatic carriage and automobile tires. In the early 1900s Akron became known as the "Rubber City of the World" [3,33].

• In 1928-1929, the Goodyear Zeppelin Airdock was built for dirigible construction in Akron and was the largest building in the world without interior supports. The airdock, designed by Wilbur Watson, still stands and is 358 m long, 99 m wide, 67 m high, and encloses a space of 1.5 million m³. The airship ZR-2, Akron, 2nd zeppelin built by the US Navy and holder of the roster record (207 passengers/crew aboard for a single flight) was constructed in the Airdock (1931) [50,52,122].

• W.C. Geer of the B. F. Goodrich Company, Akron, invented the first aircraft de-icer, inflatable rubber "boots" that broke wing ice (1932) [37].

• Frank Herzegh of the B. F. Goodrich Company, Akron, developed tubeless automobile tires (1943) [37].

• The original space suits worn by American astronauts (early 1960s) were made and fitted at the B. F. Goodrich Company in Akron. They were designed by engineer Russell Colley as pressurized suits, based on the flexible anatomy of the tomato worm [37,46].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Dr. John Strong Newberry (1822-1892), born in Connecticut, raised in Cuyahoga Falls, and a graduate of the Cleveland Medical College (now part of Case Western Reserve University), became a noted pioneer geologist, paleontologist, and botanist who served as the second director of the Geological Survey of Ohio during its formative years (1869-1882) and prepared the first geologic map of Ohio (1869). Although criticized by other geologists of the period, particularly Charles Whittlesey, Dr. Newberry retained his position as Professor of geology and paleontology at Columbia University while serving as Ohio's Chief Geologist. Notwithstanding, he published four exhaustive volumes on the geology and paleontology of Ohio that have served as foundations for most later geological studies [10,11,48,52].

• Dr. William Isaac Chamberlain (1837-1920), born in Connecticut, raised in Hudson, and educated a Western Reserve College, was Secretary of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture (1880) and responsible for extending agricultural education to all counties in the State [151].

• Dr. Waldo L. Semon, resident of Hudson, as a young research chemist with the B. F. Goodrich Company in Akron , discovered a method of converting a waste plastic into a flexible and elastic substance know as polyvinyl chloride (1926). Today, PVC is the world's second-best selling plastic, annually generating billions of dollars in sales. Following his retirement from the B. F. Goodrich Company (1963), Dr. Semon served as Research Professor at Kent State University and in 1995 he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame [23].

• Judith A. Resnik (19??-1986), a native of Akron, was one of the first women astronauts. She died in the space shuttle Challenger explosion (28 January, 1986) [33].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

•Hale Farm and Western Reserve Village, Bath – situated in Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area; restored early 19th-century buildings, including a sawmill and schoolhouse [56,125,141]

• Deep Lock, 5 km south of Penninsula – Lock No. 28 was the tallest (4 m) of the 44 locks which lowered the Ohio-Erie Canal more than 100 m from Summit Lake at Akron to Lake Erie at Cleveland. The first canalboat passed through this lock in 1827. Nearby is Deep Lock Quarry where native sandstone was quarried to build the lock [141,146].

• Perkins Mansion, Akron – Greek revival mansion of local sandstone (1835) [125].

• Stan Hywet Hall (Frank A. Seiberling House), Akron – Tudor revival mansion (1915) and carriage house [37,125].

• Hudson Historic District and Western Reserve Academy, Hudson – intact village with a village green surrounded by commercial, residential, and religious buildings; early-19th century red brick campus of Western Reserve Academy is nearby [37].

• Tallmadge Congregational Church, Public Square, Tallmadge – best of an impressive group of Western Reserve Congregational churches of Greek Revival style that rivals those built in New England [37].

• Railways of America, Cuyahoga Falls – red brick railroad station flanked by locomotives and Pullman cars; one of the world’s largest collections of model trains [125].

• Goodyear World of Rubber, Akron – exhibits include a replica of a rubber plantation, Charles Goodyear's original workshop, and displays of the tire production process [46].

• Anna Dean Farm, Barn No. 1, Barberton – first structure of a farm complex built by Ohio Columbus Barber (1901) which ultimately encompassed 1,400 hectars and 102 buildings. The farm was famous for both its design and its scientific approach to agriculture. Barn No. 1 is now the world headquarters for Yoder Brothers, Inc. [102].

• Quaker Square, Akron – renovated buildings of original Quaker Oats Company where oatmeal and other grain products were produced from the late 1900s to 1970 [46].

• University of Akron, Institute of Polymer Science, Akron – research laboratories were a wide array of synthetic materials have been developed [46].

• Inventure Place, Akron, is home of the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Of the 119 inventors who have been inducted into the Hall of Fame since its formation in 1973, 18 members have connections to Akron (listed in order of induction): Thomas A. Edison (electric lamp), Orville and Wilber Wright (airplane), Charles M. Hall (aluminum process), Carl Djerassi (oral contraceptives), Charles F. Kettering (electric engine starter; ignition system), Andrew Alford (localizer antenna system), George R. Stibitz (complex computer), William M. Burton (manufacture of gasoline), Willem J. Kolff (artificial heart), Roy J. Plunket (Teflon), Ernest H. Volwiler (Pentothal), Donalee Tabern (Pentothal), Graham Durant (antiulcer compounds), Willard H. Bennett (radio frequency mass spectrometer), Elmer A. Sperry (gyroscopic compass), William P. Lear (radio apparatus), Waldo L. Semon (Polyvinlchloride) [23].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Trumbull County are found in the following locations [12,53-56]:

Bazetta Twp.: Mosquito Creek State Park

Bloomfield Twp.: Tamarack Swamp

` Farmington Twp.: Grand River Wildlife Area

Greene Twp.: Mosquito Creek Wildlife Area

Howland Twp.: Mosquito Creek

Johnston Twp.: Hughes Woods

Kinsman Twp.: Shenango Wildlife Area

Kinsman & Vernon Twps.: Pymatuning Creek

Mesopotamia Twp.: Mill Creek Gorge

Weathersfield Twp.: Meander Creek Reservoir

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Devonian and Mississippian shales and sandstones; ledges of Sharon Conglomerate (Pennsylvanian Period); glaciated, rolling Allegheny Plateau; oak-hickory forests; beech-maple climax forests; pin oak forest: tamarack bogs, swamps, and marshes; Massasauga rattlesnakes; waterfowl; beaver [53,55].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Flax was the leading crop of Trumbull County from 1850 to 1900. The seeds from this plant yielded linseed oil and the slender stems were used to produce a textile fiber from which linen was woven [105].

• J. Ward Packard (1863-1928), of Warren, built his first automobile with features well in advance of existing models (1899). He sold his company to a group of investors from Detroit who moved it to that city, but not before Packard, too busy to discuss his invention, coined the phrase, "ask the man who owns one" [43].

• Halsey Taylor, of Warren, invented a non-squirt drinking fountain by directing two separate streams of water against each other which ensures a smooth flow [134].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• James Heaton (1770-1856) settled in southern Trumbull County (1806), constructed a dam, mill race, and grist mill along Mosquito Creek (1807), manufactured the first bar iron in Ohio (1809), constructed the "Maria" iron blast furnace (1813), and platted the settlement of Nilestown (1834) - present day Niles [102].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Dr. Peter Allen House, Kinsman – early Greek Revival house and office (1821); some of the most delicate interior and exterior carved decorations in Ohio [37].

• Newton Falls Bridge, Newton Falls – only covered bridge remaining in Ohio with a covered pedestrian walkway and the second oldest bridge in the State (1831) [69].

• Warren City Hall, Warren – originally built by Henry Bishop Perkins as a 20-room mansion (1871), designed to resemble a Tuscan villa [125].

• Trumbull County Courthouse, Warren – one of America’s finest examples of Richardsonian Romanesque style; constructed of local sandstone (1895; LaBelle and French, architects) [132,133,141].

• McKinley Birthplace National Memorial, Niles – impressive Greek Revival marble memorial of Doric columns built to honor President William McKinley [125].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Tuscarawas County are found in the following locations [53-56]:

Bucks Twp.: Baltic Woods

Clay, Dover, Salem, & Warwick Twps.: Tuscarawas River Valley

Fairfield Twp: Dover Reservoir.

Franklin Twp.: Beach City Reservoir

Franklin & Wayne Twps.: Beach City Wildlife Area

Goshen Twp.: Schoenbrunn

Lawrence Twp.: Zoar Lake Wildlife Area

Lawrence & Dover Twp.: Kane Tract

Sandy Twp.: Bimelar Zoar Woods

Warren Twp.: Atwood Lake

Wayne Twp.: Dundee Rocks, Price's Rocks, Smith Woods, & The Rocks

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Pennsylvanian Age sandstones, shales, limestones, and coals; natural sandstone bridge; unglaciated, dissected Allegheny Plateau; waterfalls; lakes; oak-hickory forests; tallgrass prairie; waterfowl; red-headeded and pileated woodpeckers [53,55,162].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Uhrichsville, in southeastern Tuscarawas County, is known as the "Clay Center of the World" because of the extensive Pennsylvanian age fire clay deposits which form the base of an industrial clay products industry which began in the mid-1800s [4,33].

• High volume swiss cheese production in Tuscarawas County earned it the nickname "America's Little Switzerland" [105].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Dr. William Jacob Holland (1848-1932), born in Jamaica (West Indies) and raised in Dover, was Director of the Carneigie Museum, Pittsburgh, PA (1898-1922) and a specialist in the insect order Lepidoptera. He is best remembered for his classic works: The Butterfly Book: A Popular and Scientific Manual Depicting All the Butterflys of the United States and Canada (1898) and The Moth Book: A Popular Guide to a Knowledge of the Moths of North America (1903). Altogether, he published some 500 scientific papers on a great variety of subjects during his lifetime [161].

• Victor Sterki (1846-1933), born in Switzerland and immigrated to New Philadelphia, was a noted conchologist who specialized in freshwater bivalves. He amassed the world’s largest collection of fingernail clams (Family Sphaeridae) which is housed in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, PA. The scientific journal, Sterkiana, dedicated to the publication of research on the Phylum Mollusca, is named in his honor [153].

• Ernest Warther, born in Dover (1885) and an expert shearman for the Dover Steel Mills, became a world master carver of mechanical objects. His museum displays carvings which trace the history of steam locomotion’s classical times to the mid-20th century. Many of his creations are working models fashioned from ebony, ivory, and pearl. One of carvings is a replica of the steel mill where he worked for 24 years [40, 46].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Schoenbrunn Village, New Philadelphia – first school in the Ohio Territory was opened by Moravian missionary David Zeisberger for Indian children (1773). The resorted village, founded in 1772, contains 18 log buildings in a pastoral setting [14,37].

• Fort Laurens, Bolivar – site of the only Continental Army fort; erected during the Revolutionary War (1778); museum contains artifacts excavated from the fort site [56,146].

• Exhibits at the National Road Museum in Norwich include the earliest highway signs along the National Road in Ohio (built 1825-1834) – milestones located at one-mile (1.6-km) intervals along the north side of the roadway. Each stone indicated the distance to Cumberland, MD, the eastern terminus of the National Road and to the nearest cities or villages for both eastbound and westbound travelers [102].

• Zoar is a restored German separatist settlement dating from the early 19th century. The village was established in 1817 by Joseph Baumeler and a group of followers from Wurttenberg, Germany. The communal system of the Zoarites worked well until Baumeler's death in 1853, then declined when the society could not keep pace with rapid technological advancements, and the village was disbanded in 1898. The restored and reconstructed village buildings are now maintained by the Ohio Historical Society [37,102].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Union County are found in the following locations [53,55,56,81,187]:

Allen Twp.: Transportation Research Center Forest

Allen, Darby,& Union Twp.: Big Darby Creek

Allen, Jerome, & Paris Twp.: Powell Moraine

Paris Twp.: Mill Creek

Union Twp.: Milford Center Railroad Prairie

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Wisconsinan ground and end moraines (Powell moraine) underlain by Silurian limestones; unimpounded major stream with riffles (Darby Creek); beech-maple forests; tallgrass prairies; rare aquatic mollusks [53,55,162].

• Portions of the Darby Creek Valley in Franklin, Madison, Pickaway, and Union Counties (132 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1984) [27].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Transportation Research Center, west of Pottersburg, is a modern facility for testing all types of ground transportation vehicles. The Center consists of a high-speed, 12-km oval test track, a 20-hectare blacktop pad for safety and handling testing, and a device capable of simulating crashes at speeds of up to 160 km/hr [55].

• Honda of America Manufacturing, Inc. is headquartered in Marysville and has produced automobiles since 1982 [3].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• O. M. Scott founded a grass seed company (1870s), the oldest firm in Marysville, which now cleans and blends grass seeds from throughout the world and ships it to homeowners in all parts of the country [4].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Union County Courthouse, Marysville – similar in design to the Henry County Courthouse with a clock tower made of galvanized iron (1883; David W. Gibbs, architect) [4,132,133].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Van Wert County are found in the following locations [53,55,81]:

Pleasant Twp.: Hiestand Woods

Willshire Twp.: St. Marys River-Fort Wayne Moraine

York Twp.: York Woods

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Wisconsinan ground and end moraines underlain by Silurian limestones; large oaks and honey locust; swamp forests; pileated woodpeckers [53,55].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Brumback Public Library, Van Wert, was established as the first county-wide public library in the United States (1890). The Ohio Legislature enacted laws to enable the county to undertake a library distribution system. The library is now housed in the Wasenburg Art Center [4,12].

• The first successful gasoline-powered automobile in America was produced in Ohio City by John William Lambert (1891). Lambert went on to produce several marketable automobiles and the friction-drive transmission was one of his 600 patents in the automotive and gasoline-engine fields [37,94].

• Emil Frey, born in Switzerland, developed Liederkranz cheese in Monroe, NY (1891) and later built a production plant in Van Wert (1926). In 1930, he sold his secret formula, process, and bacterial culture to the Borden Company. Today, Liederkranz cheese is produced solely in Van Wert [42, 105].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Capt. James W. Riley (17??-1840) was a pioneer land surveyor in northwestern Ohio (1818-1823) and founded Willshire (1822). He was also a sea captain and author who published an account of his adventures in North Africa, Authentic Narrative (1816). Willshire is named for William Willshire, the British Consul in Morocco who saved Riley from a band of nomadic Arabs (1815) [94].

• Leslie Peltier (19??-19??), resident of Delphos, astronomer, and recognized authority on the performance of variable stars, discovered ten comets (1920s-1940s) with telescopes given to him by Harvard University and Princeton University. In 1936 he discovered the Peltier Comet, the brightest comet since Halley's Comet. For his meticulous observations and contributions to the science of astronomy he was awarded the Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, the Award of Merit of the Association of Variable Star Observers (presented by Dr. Harlow Shapley, Director of the Harvard University Observatory), and the Honorary Doctor of Science degree by Bowling Green State University (1947) [4,42].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

Brumbach County Library and Wassenburg Art Center, Van Wert [141].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Vinton County are found in the following locations [12,53-56]:

Brown Twp.: Community Forest & Lake Hope State Park

Brown, Knox,& Madison Twps.: Zaleski State Forest

Clinton Twp.: Lake Alma State Park, Vinton Experimental Forest, & Wellston Wildlife Area

Eagle Twp.: Tar Hollow State Park & Forest

Eagle & Jackson Twps.: Buckeye Trail-Eagle Mills

Swan Twp.: Wayne National Forest

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: sandtones and shales of Mississippian Age exposed in valleys (large potholes in stream beds) and ravines; Pennsylvanian sandstones, shales, limestones, coals, and underclays; unglaciated, dissected Allegheny Plateau; Teays preglacial valley; oak-hickory and oak-pine forests; mixed mesophytic forests; bottomland hardwoods; wild turkey [53,55].

• County with highest percentage of forest land in Ohio (74 %). Vinton County has 80,000 hectares of commercial forest land, fifth highest in the State [24].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Peter Zaleski, a native of Poland, organized the Zaleski Mining Company from France in the 1850s and, through his agents, he laid out the town of Zaleski and built the Hope Furnace. Today the town is the gateway to Zaleski State Forest [4].

• Zaleski Sawmill, at Zaleski State Forest, provided large replacement oak timbers (40 cm² by 6.7 m long) for rehabilitation of the Muskingam River lock gates (mid-to-late 1960s) [11].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Vinton County is named for Samuel Finley Vinton (1792-1862), an Ohio statesman from Gallipolis. He was elected to the US Congress in 1822, where he originated and carried through the House of Representatives, against considerable opposition, the law which created the Department of Interior. In 1853 he became President of the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad [44].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Hope Furnace (1854-1874), one of 69 charcoal iron furnaces of the famous Hanging Rock Iron Region of southeastern Ohio and northern Kentucky, is located near Zaleski. A plaque commemorating this early industry was erected at the site by the Ohio Society of Professional Engineers [102].

• Vinton Iron Furnace, near McArthur – old coke ovens [141].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Warren County are found in the following locations [12.27,53-56,82,187]:

Hamilton Twp.: Little Miami Scenic State Park

Harlan Twp.: Blanchester Swamp

Massie & Wayne Twps.: Caesar Creek State Park

Salem & Union Twps.: Halls Creek Woods

Washington Twp.: Fort Ancient-Little Miami River, Hoover Wildlife Sanctuary, & Warren (Brassfield) Erratic

Wayne Twp.: Caesar Creek Gorge & Spring Valley Wildlife Area

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: fossiliferous Ordovician limestones and shales in narrow gorges; Cincinnati anticline; large glacial erratic; Wisconsinan and Illinoian glacial deposits; mixed mesophytic forests; oak-hickory and beech-maple forests; Kentucky coffee trees and chinquapin oaks; swamp forest on glacial till; waterfowl and shorebirds [27,53,55].

• Portions of the Little Miami River Valley in Clark, Clermont, Greene, Hamilton, and Warren Counties (169 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1969) [27].

• Caesar Creek Gorge, Wayne Twp., is a product of glacial stream diversion during the Pleistocene Ice Age when great volumes of glacial meltwaters cut deeply through the underlying bedrock, creating an impressive deep, narrow gorge. The walls rise 55 m above the valley floor and expose Ordovician limestones and shale rich in fossils [27].

• The largest glacial erratic in the State, Brassfield Erratic, is located near Oregonia. This erratic, named for the Brassfield Limestone (Silurian Period) of which it is composed, is a massive chunk of limestone (2 to 5 m thick, covers an area of about 3,800 m², and weighs 13,500 tons) that was broken from its formation and transported 7.2 km by Wisconsinan-Age glacial ice [36,53].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• The Poland-China hog was introduced by the Shakers of Warren County. This breed of hog became so important to the early settlers that a 2.5-m high marble staute of this animal was erected near Lebanon [4].

• One of Ohio’s oldest continuously published newspaper, the Western Star, was founded in Lebanon (1807) [4].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Edward Deering Mansfield (1801-1880), resident of Morrow, was Commissioner of Statistics for the State of Ohio (1859-1869). He was also editor of the Cincinnati Chronicle (1836-1849), the Atlas (1849-1852), and the Railroad Record (1854-1872). He authored many books on a wide array of topics, including: mathematics, statistics, education, and medical history [44].

• Seth Hocket Ellis (1830-1904), born in Martinsville (Clinton County), organized the Ohio State Grange in Lebanon (1873), was influential in the establishment of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College (now The Ohio State University), and promoted the formation of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. He is credited with doing much to bring scientific farming to Ohio and to improved the living and social conditions in rural districts [151].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Fort Ancient State Memorial, 11 km southeast of Lebanon, is a major North American archaeological site featuring two prehistoric Indian cultures: Hopewell Indians (100 BC to 500 AD) and Fort Ancient Indians (1000 AD to 1650 AD). The museum houses exhibits of these two cultures and contains a chronology kiosk which illustrates 11,000 years of Indian prehistory from Paleo-Indian times to modern settlements [102].

• Golden Lamb Inn, Lebanon – oldest hotel in Ohio (1803), originally opened as a log travern on the old Stagecoach route between Cincinnati and Dayton [69].

• Glendower Estate, Lebanon – the finest example of a restored brick Greek Revival mansion open to the public in Ohio. It is one of five palatial residences built in the 19th century on a hill south of the town center. Glendower was built by carpenter-joiner Amos Bennett in the 1840s for County Prosecutor John Milton Williams, a framer of the Ohio Constitution. The interior of the home features Empire and early Victorian furnishings [14,37,102].

• Harmon Hall, Lebanon – Warren County Historical Society Museum depicts life in southwestern Ohio from prehistoric times through the 19th century [125].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Washington County are found in the following locations [27,53-56,144,187]:

Adams, Waterford, & Muskingum Twps.: Muskingum River Parkway State Park

Decatur Twp.: Acadia Cliffs, Ladd Natural Bridge, & Tefft Nature Preserve

Decatur & Wesley Twps.: Wayne National Forest

Dunham Twp.: Veto Lake Wildlife Area

Fairfield Twp.: Boord Ravine, Dunbar, Fairfield Natural Bridge, & Fall Run

Grandview Twp.: Ohio River Valley & White Pines

Marietta: Squaw Hallow

Marietta Twp.: Marietta State Park

Salem Twp.: Mount Pisgah

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Pennsylvanian and Permian sandstones, shales, limestones, and coals; natural sandstone bridges; unglaciated, dissected Allegheny Plateau; flood plains with terraces; waterfalls; hemlock in deep ravines; oak-hickory forests; tallgrass prairies; swamps; waterfowl; reindeer lichen and walking fern [27,53,55,162].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• Marietta, co-founded by Major General Rufus Putnam (1738-1824) and Dr. Manasseh Cutler (1742-1820), was the first permanent settlement in Ohio (1788). The founders formulated the Ohio Company at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern in Boston, MA (1786) as a land development project for Revolutionary War veterans in the Northwest Territory. General Putnam was an engineer who had built the fort at West Point, NY and had been a member of George Washington's Staff. He also was co-founder of Ohio University at Athens with Dr. Cutler (conceived 1786; chartered 1804) and served as Colonel Ebenezer Zane's surveyor for Ohio's first major roadway, Zane's Trace (1796). Dr. Cutler, educated at Yale University, was a minister, physician, scientist, former army chaplain, and architect of the Ordinance of 1787 with Thomas Jefferson which created the Northwest Territory. The Marietta settlement party of 46 included boat builders, surveyors, carpenters, and farmers. They had built a small flotilla of boats on the Youghiogheny River (about 50 km above Pittsburgh, PA) and sailed down the Ohio River to its confluence with the Muskingum River where they established Marietta. President George Washington had surveyed this portion of the Ohio River when he was a Colonel in the Royal Army (1770) and of the Ohio Company venture he said: "No colony in America was settled under more favorable auspices. I know many of the settlers personally and there never were better calculated to promote the welfare of a community" [4,5,14,45,46].

• The first industry in what is now Ohio, water-powered Wolf Creek Mills, was founded in Waterford Township. Construction of a dam and gristmills and sawmills was completed in March 1790 under the direction of Colonel Robert Oliver [2].

• First library in the Ohio Country was established at Belpre by Colonel Israel Putnam (1796). Known as the Belpre Farmers’ Library, it existed until 1816 and contained such works as: John Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), Samuel Johnson’s Lives of the English Poets (1779), and Oliver Goldsmith’s pseudoscientific Animated Nature (1773) [94,99].

• In Marietta, W. C. Gurley was the first person to successfully take a flash photograph of lightning (1884) [37].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• General Charles Gates Dawes (1865-1951), born in Marietta, served with distinction during World War I. Following the war he was assigned the task of solving the German Reparation problem and rebuilding the European economy. For his contribution, known as the Dawes Plan, he was awarded the Noble Peace Prize in 1925 (jointly with Sir J. Austin Chamberlain). He served as Vice-President under President Calvin Coolidge (1925-1929) and was author of, A Journal of the Great War (1921) [34,37,40].

• Dr John Gilman (1841-1916), of Marietta, was one of the first to utilize X-rays as a diagnostic aid for surgery [105,153].

• Captain Mary Becker ("Ma") Greene (1868-1947), born in Washington County, and her husband, Gordon Christopher Greene, owned and operated one of the early and esteemed steamboat lines on the Ohio River. During her time, she was the only licensed woman Boat Master and River Pilot [153].

• Henry Solon Graves (1871-1951), born in Marietta and educated at Yale University and Harvard University, furthered his studies of forestry in Europe and was the second native American to prepare for a career in forestry. He was appointed Assistant Chief of the Division of Forestry, US Department of Agriculture (1898) under Gifford Pinchot. Later, he served as and Director (1900) and then Dean (1922) of Yale’s School of Forestry. Graves was author of Forest Mensuration (1906), Principles of Handling Woodlots (1911), Forest Education (1932), and Problems and Progress of Forestry in the United States (1947) [147].

• Henry M. Dawes (1877-1952), born in Marrietta and educated at Marrieta College, was an industrialist who helped develop several Midwest electric, petroleum, and railroad companys. He was president of the Pure Oil Company from 1924 to 1952 [144].

• Carl Rollyn Sullivan, Jr., born in Marietta (1926) and educated at Ohio University (hydrobiology), was Executive Director of the American Fisheries Society (1975-1988) [147].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• The Ohio Company's land office (1788), where General Putman had his home and headquarters, has been preserved at the Campus Martius Museum of the Northwest Territory in Marietta [14,102].

• The Ohio River Museum complex, in Marietta, consists of three exhibit themes: 1) the origin and natural history of the Ohio River, 2) the golden age of steam navigation on the river, and 3) the enduring relationship between man and the river. Adjacent to the museum is the W.P. Snyder Jr. (53 m long; 342 tons), the last intact steam-powered, stern-wheeled towboat in America. Also docked nearby is the stern-wheeled, 150-passenger tour boat, Valley Gem, which offers excursions on the Ohio and Muskingum Rivers [102,163].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Wayne County are found in the following locations [12,27,53-56,187]:

Baughman Twp.: Graber Woods-Fox Lake & Johnson Woods

Chester Twp.: Davey Tree Nursery, Funk's Hollow, & Weygandt Woods

Chippewa Twp.: Rogue Hollow

Clinton Twp.: Brown's Lake Bog & Shreve Lake Wildife Area

Congress Twp.: Inspiration Hills

Franklin Twp.: Kauke Station & Pee Wee Hollow Wilderness Area

Franklin & Wooster Twps.: Killbuck Marsh Wildlife Area

Milton Twp.: Morton Salt

Plain Twp.: Spangler Park

Wooster Twp.: Secrest Arboretum & Walton Woods

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sandstones and shales; glacial kettle lakes and acid bogs; glacially reversed stream; glaciated, dissected Allegheny Plateau; Wisconsinan glacial deposits; swamp forests; virgin white oak forest; beech-maple climax forests; tallgrass prairie; cattail marshes; waterfowl and shorebirds; wood duck nests [27,53,55,162].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• In 1892, The Ohio State University's Agricultural Experiment Station moved from Columbus to Wooster and in 1965, was renamed the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC). Research at the Center focuses on the interrelationship of farm production and marketing practices. Indoor and outdoor laboratories are devoted to a wide range of projects: such as, no-tillage corn planting, greenhouse floriculture, testing grass mixtures, insect damage, fertilizer application, orchard productivity, dairy and beef cattle research, and field drainage. The first Director of the Experiment Station was agronomist Charles Embree Thorne (1846-1936), of Greene County, who provided outstanding leadership during its formative years. Thorne is noted for his book, The Maintenance of Soil Fertility (1930). From 1937 to 1947, Dr. Edmund Secrest, former State Forester, served as Station Director. Secrest was known as "the Father of Forestry in Ohio"[41,55,184].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Charles Edwin Bessey (1845-1915), born in Milton Twp., was one of America’s foremost botanists, zoologists, and entomologists during the late 1800s. As Professor of botany at Iowa State College (1870-1884) and the University of Nebraska (1884-1915), he introduced methods and discoveries that increased the agricultural productivity of the Midwest [40,153].

• Dr. Arthur H. Compton (1892-1962), born in Wooster and a graduate of Wooster College, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (1927) while Professor of physics at the University of Chicago. He discovered a phenomenon in which electromagnetic waves undergo an increase in wavelength after having been scattered by electrons (Compton effect). Later he became Chancellor of Washington University, St. Louis. His brother, Karl T. Compton (1887-1954), also born in Wooster and a graduate of Wooster College, became President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology [37,52].

• Glen H. Stringfield, a corn breeder at the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster (1924-1959), developed techniques for hybridizing corn that doubled the yield. His hybrid varieties proved to be resistant to the European corn borer. In the decade following the introduction of Stingfield's hybrids (1954), borer damage in Ohio diminished from $8.5 million to only $600,000. Stringfield's development of hybrid corn ranks as one of the most important achievements of the nation's agricultural experiment stations [22].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Public Square Historic District, College of Wooster, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, and Wayne County Historical Museum, Wooster [37,46].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Williams County are found in the following locations [12,27,53-56,81,187]:

Brady & Springfield Twps.: Opdycke Woods-Tiffin River

Bridgewater Twp.: St. Joseph River

Center & Mill Creek Twps.: Fort Wayne Moraine

Jefferson Twp.: Beaver Creek Wildlife Area

Northwest Twp.: Hayes Lake, Lake La-Su-An Wildlife Area, Mud Lake Bog, & Nettle Lake

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Wisconsinan ground and end moraines (Fort Wayne Moraine) and lake deposits (Black Swamp) underlain by Devonian limestones and shales; abandoned post-glacial lake beach ridges; lakes and ponds; beech-maple forests; acid bogs and alkaline fens; marshes and swamp forests; waterfowl and shorebirds [27,53,55].

• In the late 1800s, Stryker became known for its mineral waters [158].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• The county seat, Bryan, was once known as the Fountain City because of its large number of flowing artesian wells. The first such well was dug by Daniel Wyatt (1841) when he penetrated a "hard pan" cap layer and exposed a white sand aquifer which was under considerable hydrostatic pressure, enough so that a fountain was formed. Most of the free flowing fountains of Bryan eventually dried up, but not before law suits had been brought by persons suffering flooded land. The last fountain in town, one in Fountain Grove Cemetery, stopped flowing in 1971 [94].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Dr. Paul A. Siple (1908-1968), born and raised in Montpelier, was a polar explorer, scientist, and inventor who accompanied Admiral Richard E. Byrd on his first expedition to Antarctica (1928). Dr. Siple eventually spent 10 summers and 4 winters in Antarctica, including one 8-month mission directly on the South Pole, the first party to spend the entire dark period there. The average temperature of -60°C and a winter low of -85°C gave him the opportunity to study the effects of wind and cold, where he developed the wind chill index. Dr. Siple was awarded two Congessional Medals of Honor for his service [94,153].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• The Nettle Lake Mound group, northwest of Montpelier, consists of four low mounds overlooking a stream that runs into Nettle Lake. Artifacts recovered from the site indicate that the mounds were built by the prehistoric Hopewell Indians. The Hopewell Indians inhabited Ohio 2,000 years ago and are famous for their large ceremonial earthworks and burial mounds [102].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Wood County are found in the following locations [12,53-56,83]:

Freedom & Montgomery Twps.: New Rochester Woods

Grand Rapids Twp.: Thurston State Park

Liberty Twp.: Liberty Prairie, Pugh Quarry, & Steidtman's Wildlife Sanctuary

Middleton Twp.: Hull Prairie

Montgomery Twp.: Bradner Meadow

Perrysburg: Orleans Park

Troy Twp.: Toussaint Woods

Washington Twp.: Otsego Park

Weston Twp.: Weston Pond

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Sylvania sandstone (Devonian Period) exposed along Maumee River; mineralized (fluorite, celestite, quartz, sphalerite, and marcasite crystals) Dundee Dolomite exposed in quarries; Wisconsinan glacial deposits and Lake Plain (Black Swamp) underlain by Silurian and Devonian limestones and dolomites; abandoned post-glacial lake beach ridges; mixed oak forests on sandy high ground; tallgrass prairies; riverain wetlands; buttonbush swamps; walleye and white bass spawning beds in Maumee River; waterfowl and shorebirds [53,55,162].

• Portions of the Maumee River Valley in Defiance, Henry, Lucas, Paulding, and Wood Counties (155 km) have been designated as a State Scenic and Recreational River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1974) [27].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• James B. Hill built the first successful, round digging wheel machine for excavating drainage channels (known as the Buckeye Ditcher) in Bowling Green (1892). This machine facilitated the draining of the Great Black Swamp in northwestern Ohio and its design is still in use. In the late 1800s more than 36,000 km of county outlet ditches were built in northwestern Ohio [2].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Wood County was named for Colonel Eleazor Derby Wood, General William Henry Harrison’s chief engineer for the construction of Fort Meigs, Perrysburg, during the War of 1812. Col. Wood, a graduate of West Point, was killed in 1814 at Fort Erie on the Niagara Frontier [5,132, 133].

• Dr, James C. Wood, born in Wood County (1858), was founder and first head of the American College of Surgeons [153].

• Edward Ford (1843-1920), one of Toledo's pioneer glassmakers, established a plate-glass plant in 1896. Ford built his plant below Toledo on the east side of the Maumee River, founding there the model industrial town of Rossford and one of the largest plate-glass factories in the world [50,71].

• Dr. Donalee L. Tabern (1900-1974), born in Bowling Green, discovered the general anesthetic Pentothal, with his colleague Dr. Ernest H. Volwiler, while working at Abbott Laboratories (1936). This drug is one of the most important agents of modern medicine. Dr. Tabern was also a pioneering chemist in the use of radioactive materials in biology and medicine. He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1986 [23].

• Dr. George Gerald Acker (1914-1974), born in Pennsylvania and educated at the University of Missouri and The Ohio State University, was a noted ichthyologist and limnologist. He served as Professor of biology at Bowling Green State University (1946 -1974) and conducted research on aquatic habitats in northwestern Ohio. Acker was also known his work in promoting science among young students [184].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Wood County Courthouse and Jail, Bowling Green – distinctive Richardsonian Romanesque courthouse and jail with particularly fine stonework (1896; Yost and Packard, architects) [37,132,133].

• Olde Gilead Country Store and Kerr House, Grand Rapids – late 19th century mercantile establishment and Victorian hotel/health spa [163].

Natural Scientific Features/Events:

• Notable natural areas in Wyandot County are found in the following locations [12,53-56,84]:

Crane Twp.: Sandusky River

Crawford Twp.: Big Spring Prairie & Wyandot Wildlife Area

Marseilles & Pitt Twps.: Killdeer Plains Wildlife Area

Ridge Twp.: Indian Trail (Wyandot Indian) Caverns

• Features of particular scientific interest in the County's natural areas include: Wisconsinan ground and end moraines underlain by Silurian and Devonian limestones and dolomites; Till Plain; tallgrass and wet prairies: big bluestemed grass; prairie dock, blazing star, and prairie sunflower; peat; marshes and ponds; eastern plains garter snake; waterfowl [53,55,162].

• Portions of the Sandusky River Valley in Sandusky, Seneca, and Wyandot Counties (105 km) have been designated as a State Scenic River by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (1970) [27].

• Sheriden Pit at Indian Trail Caverns, northwest of Carey, has yielded the Great Lakes Region’s most diverse late Pleistocene fauna. Thousands of specimens collected from this pit are now housed at the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History and Science. The caverns descend 15 m and travel 200 m through winding passages that are 1.5 to 3 m wide [56,116].

Scientific & Technological Advancements:

• The first scientifically gauged streamflow took placed on the Sandusky River near Upper Sandusky (August 1823) and also represents the first streamflow measurement record in the nation to be reported to the US Geological Survey. The purpose of the gauging, made by the Ohio Canal Commission, was to determine the quantity of water available for feeding a proposed canal linking Lake Erie and the Ohio River during low flow periods [2].

• Federal Porcelain Company, established a factory at Carey for the early production of porcelian insulators for electrical work [5].

Notable Scientists & Technologists:

• Pietro Cuneo, born in Italy (1836), immigrated to Ohio (1848), and learned the skills of printing in Canton through industrious perseverance. Moving to Upper Sandusky, he acquired the newspaper, Wyandot Pioneer, and changed the newspaper’s name to the Wyandot County Republican (1869). Based on his own experiences, Cuneo did much to promote the value of education and technological training for arriving immigrants [44].

Historic Sites of Scientific or Technological Interest:

• Indian Mill State Memorial, 5 km northeast of Upper Sandusky, is the nation's first museum of milling in an original mill structure (1861). Exhibits include the origin and operation of Ohio water-powered grist mills, millstones, tools and techniques of the miller, and a woking model of a water turbine mill. An older mill (1820) was built on this site by the US Government in appreciation of the local Wyandot Indians' loyalty during the War of 1812 [55,56,102].

Updated 03/04/08 06:40 PM -0000