The Ohio Journal of Science
Abstracts
Volume 106 No. 5─December 2006
Plant Communities of
Highland Heights Community Park, Cuyahoga County, Ohio
SUNEETI K. JOG, JEFFREY R. JOHANSEN, MICHAEL K. DELONG, AND DENNIS MAGEE,
Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland
State University, 2399 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115; Department of
Biology, John Carroll University, 20700 North Park Boulevard, University
Heights, OH 44118; Normandeau Associates, 25 Nashua Road, Bedford, NH 03110
Abstract. We have described the vegetation structure with respect to
various community types of Highland Heights Community Park and adjoining
territory. High values of Shannon's Diversity Indexes and Floristic Quality
Assessment Indexes indicate a superior quality, species-rich habitat with
several high-fidelity species. Based on our research, which reveals that the
study site is worthy of conservation and preservation, we suggest
recommendations to the city of Highland Heights for park management and land use
planning.
OHIO J SCI 106 (5):174-180, 2006
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Status of the Organic Soils in the Scioto
Marsh, Hardin County, Ohio
ALISON L. SPONGBERG AND ELAINE MOEBIUS, Department of Environmental Sciences,
Mail Stop 604, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606; Department of Geography
and Planning, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606
Abstract: Scioto Marsh in Hardin County, OH, was a 16,000-acre wetland
area that was drained in the mid-1800s by channelizing the Scioto River to
create farmland. The resulting soils are characterized by a thick, organic-rich
A horizon that contributed to the productivity of the area. During the
subsequent years, wind erosion and farming practices depleted this layer,
causing the underlying B horizon to become incorporated into the till zone in
many areas. This paper is a re-evaluation of the status of the A horizon, in
lieu of recommendations thirty years ago on how to preserve the remaining
productivity. Our study re-sampled sites from previous studies from the 1930s
and 1970s. Comparisons of A-horizon thickness, organic carbon content, and bulk
density indicate that the A horizon depletion has greatly diminished from its
earlier pace. This is most likely due to more conservation farming practices in-corporated
in recent years.
OHIO J SCI 106 (5):181-185, 2006
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Bats of Ravenna Training and Logistics Site,
Portage and Trumbull Counties, Ohio
VIRGIL BRACK, JR. AND JASON A. DUFFEY, Center for North American Bat Research
and Conservation, Department of Ecology and Organismal Biology, Indiana State
University, Terre Haute, IN 47089; Environmental Solutions & Innovations, Inc.,
781 Neeb Road, Cincinnati, OH 45233
Abstract. Six species of bats (n = 272) were caught at Ravenna Training
and Logistics Site during summer 2004: 122 big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus),
100 little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus), 26 red bats (Lasiurus borealis), 19
northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), three hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus),
and two eastern pipistrelles (Pipistrellus subflavus). Catch was 9.7 bats/net
site (SD = 10.2) and 2.4 bats/net night (SD = 2.6). No bats were captured at two
net sites and only one bat was caught at one site; the largest captures were 33,
36, and 37 individuals. Five of six species were caught at two sites, 2.7 (SD =
1.4) species were caught per net site, and MacArthur's diversity index was 2.88.
Evidence of reproduction was obtained for all species. Chi-square tests
indicated no difference in catch of males and reproductive females in any
species or all species combined. Evidence was found of two maternity colonies
each of big brown bats and little brown myotis. Capture of big brown bats (X2 =
53.738; P <0.001), little brown myotis (X2 = 21.900; P <0.001), and all species
combined (X2 = 49.066; P <0.001) was greatest 1 - 2 hours after sunset. Capture
of red bats did not vary over the night (X2 = 7.083; P <0.461). Rate of capture
was not consistent over the season for big brown bats (X2 = 28.603; P <0.001) or
all species combined (X2 = 10.969; P = 0.004), but was similar for little brown
myotis (X2 = 4.184; P = 0.123).
OHIO J SCI 106 (5):186-190, 2006
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BRIEF NOTE
Simplification of the Petz-Faure Graphic Procedure for
Resolving Three Component Mixtures
Robert R. Belliveau, Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada - Las Vegas,
4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154
Abstract. A simplification of the Petz-Faure graphical procedure for
resolving three component mixtures is presented which has the advantages of
easier construction and more intuitive interpretation.
OHIO J SCI 106 (5):191-192, 2006
Volume 106 No. 4─September 2006
The Ohio Journal of Science
Was the Shawnee War Chief Blue Jacket a Caucasian?
Carolyn D. Rowland, R. V. Van Trees, Marc S. Taylor, Michael L. Raymer, and Dan E. Krane, Forensic Bioinformatics, Inc., Dayton, OH 45324; Fairborn, OH 45324; Technical Associates Inc., Ventura, CA 93003; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435; and Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
Abstract. Two distinctly different origins have been ascribed to the great Shawnee war chief Blue Jacket who played a pivotal role in the early history of southwestern Ohio. By one very popular account, he was a captured Caucasian who embraced the ways of the Shawnee and came to lead their warriors in a campaign that unified all the Indian tribes of the Ohio River Valley against the United States of America. In contrast, modern day Shawnee Indians who still bear the Blue Jacket surname suggest that the legendary War Chief was unequivocally a Native American. Y-STR haplotyping of six living, direct male descendants of Chief Blue Jacket and of four direct male descendants/relatives of the Caucasian family that has become intertwined with the history of the Shawnee tribe is described in this study. Barring any questions of the paternity of the Chief’s single son who lived to produce male heirs, the “Blue Jacket-with-Caucasian-roots” is not based on reality. OHIO J SCI 106 (4):126-129, 2006
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What is Science?
Douglas L. Shrake, Lynn E. Elfner, William Hummon, Richard W. Janson, and Miles Free, The Ohio Academy of Science, 1500 West Third Avenue, Suite 228, Columbus, OH 43212-2817
Abstract. In 2000 The Ohio Academy of Science published its definition of “Science.” Response to this definition led the Academy to produce a position paper entitled What is Science? The Academy officially adopted the position paper version of What is Science?, http://www.ohiosci.org/Whatisscience.pdf , at the April 2004 Ohio Academy of Science Annual Meeting. Response to this fact sheet demonstrated a need to further expand this document. Thus, this expanded version builds on the April 2004 position paper, What is Science? This paper clarifies what is science, the scientific method, a scientific hypothesis, a scientific theory, the importance of science, and what is not science.
OHIO J SCI 106 (4):130-135, 2006
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The Vertical Distribution of Phytoplankton Assemblages of Lake James, North Carolina in Relation to Mixing Depth and Nitrate and Phosphate Concentrations
Kemal Çelik and James Schindler, Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29633
Abstract.
Phytoplankton, nitrate (
)
(mg L-1), and phosphate (
)
(mg L-1) concentrations were studied in Lake James, NC, during 1997
and 1998. Depths of 2.0, 10, and 30 m were chosen for sampling to determine the
vertical distribution of phytoplankton. At 2.0 and 10 m, the species diversity
of Heterokontophyta was mainly represented by Mallomonas caudata (Ivanov);
Chlorophyta by Chlamydomonas polypyrenoideum (Prescott); Bacillariophyta
by Melosira granulata
(Ehrenberg) Ralfs and
Asterionella formosa (Hassall), respectively. At 30 m, the species diversity
of Cryptophyta was mainly represented by Rhodomans minuta (Skuja);
Bacillariophyta by Cyclotella glomerata (Bachmann),
Synedra ulna
(Nitzsch) Ehrenberg, and Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyngbye)
Kützing; and Cyanophyta by Chroococcus limeticus (Lemmermann) and
Oscillatoria limnetica (Lemmermann).
The purpose of this study was to determine the vertical distribution of
phytoplankton in relation to nitrate and phosphate concentrations and the mixing
depth in the water column of Lake James, North Carolina, USA.OHIO J SCI 106
(4):136-145, 2006
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Nutrients, Eutrophic Response, and Fish Anomalies in the Little Miami River, Ohio
Rebecca L. Evans and Michael C. Miller, Northern Kentucky University, Department of Biological Sciences, Highland Heights, KY 41099; University of Cincinnati, Department of Biological Sciences, Cincinnati, OH 45221
Abstract. We documented the eutrophic and chemical environment in the Little Miami River (LMR) to better understand the interaction between eutrophication, eutrophic response variables, and the health of aquatic organisms. Total phosphorus (TP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), nitrogen, dissolved oxygen (DO), benthic and sestonic algal biomass, benthic phosphorus storage, aqueous trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Se, Zn), heavy metals (Al, Fe, Mn) and major cations (Ca, K, Mg, Na, Si) were analyzed at twelve sites over two summers. Results showed excess TP (>70 ug/L, p <0.05) and SRP (≥62.5 ug/L, p <0.05), borderline nuisance benthic algal biomass (mg/L chlorophyll a/m2) (periphyton: mean = 73.8 +/- 74.2, n = 125; Cladophora: mean = 216.7 +/- 380.7, n = 54), excess benthic phosphorus storage (mg P/m2) (periphyton: mean = 45.5 +/- 23.2, n = 64; Cladophora: mean = 129.3 +/- 224, n = 52), and high daytime DO (mean = 9.1 +/- 1.5 mg/L, n = 132). Previous studies showed aqueous phosphorus concentration and diurnal DO swings were positively correlated with fish anomalies (OEPA 1995, 2000). In this study, however, periphyton phosphorus (P) was the only eutrophic response variable to correlate with the distribution of fish anomalies reported by OEPA in 1995 and 2000, and the association was negative (R2 = 0.143, p = 0.002, m = -1.634, df = 1, 62). We concluded that aqueous nutrients, eutrophic response variables, and/or water chemistry alone did not explain the occurrence of fish anomalies in the LMR. OHIO J SCI 106 (4):146-155, 2006
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James Hall’s (1856) Rostroconchs from the Mississippian of Indiana and Illinois
Richard D. Hoare, Department of Geology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403
Abstract. Hall (1856) described without illustrations six species of the rostroconch Conocardium in his study of the fauna of the Salem Limestone in Indiana and the Warsaw Shale in Illinois. The species represent five genera, two of which are new, Leptoconocardium and Kyoconocardium. Other species represent the genera Hippocardia Brown, 1843; Oxyprora Hoare, Mapes, and Yancey, 2002; and Diedrorynchus Hoare and Peck, 2005.
OHIO J SCI 106 (4):156-163, 2006
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Passive Establishment of Vegetation in Constructed Wetlands in Agricultural Settings: a Case Study
Lee M. Luckeydoo, Norman R. Fausey, Craig B. Davis, Emilie Regnier, and Larry C. Brown, USDA-ARS Soil Drainage Research Unit, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210; School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Horticulture and Crop Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, OH 43210
Abstract. Three wetlands constructed in 1995 on land adjacent to agricultural fields in northwest Ohio were allowed to establish vegetation passively. Survey data collected 1998-2001 from quadrats in open water, frequently and infrequently submerged zones within the basin, identified 77 species over the three sites. Greatest species diversity occurred in the infrequently and frequently submerged zones. The dominant species within the wetlands originated from agricultural fields, nearby drainage ditches, streams, and the seeded erosion control buffer zones surrounding the wetlands. Six years following construction, less than 50% of the dominant species were wetland species. Results suggest that for constructed wetlands in agricultural settings, plantings or seeding of desired species will be required to supplement the existing sources of wetland vegetation species.
OHIO J SCI 106 (4):164-168, 2006
Abstracts
Volume 106 No. 3─June 2006
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Survival and Nesting Habitat use by Sichuan and Ring-necked Pheasants Released in Ohio
Kathryn L. Shipley and David P. Scott, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife, Olentangy Wildlife Research Station, 8589 Horseshoe Road, Ashley, OH 43003
Abstract. Ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) populations in the Midwestern United States have declined drastically since World War II. Population numbers in Ohio have leveled off since the establishment of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP); however, a return to historically abundant ring-necked pheasant populations is unlikely with current land-use practices. Studies by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR) of released Sichuan pheasants (P. c. strauchi), a subspecies of the ring-necked pheasant, suggested that Sichuans may nest in woody cover, a trait that could reduce agriculture-related nest losses common to ring-necked pheasants and potentially increase pheasant populations. We released over 2,000 Sichuan pheasants (962 females, 1,116 males) and 208 ring-necked pheasants (24 females, 84 males) in central Ohio, United States, in early April 1993-96. Survival and habitat use before, during, and after the nesting season were evaluated for a sample of hens from each subspecies through the use of radio-telemetry. Survival rates (range = 0.05-0.15) and apparent nest success (38% and 50% for Sichuan and ring-necked nests, respectively) were not different between the subspecies. The largest source of mortality for both subspecies was predation (71-84% and 65-88%, for Sichuan and ring-necked hens, respectively). Most nests, 85% of Sichuan and 81% of ring-necked, were located in upland herbaceous, upland shrub/scrub, and hay macro-habitat types. Nests of both subspecies were within 16 m of an edge, surrounded by few woody stems (median = 0.25/m2) and dense herbaceous cover (1,450 and 1,130 stems/m2, Sichuan and ring-necked nests, respectively). Sichuan hens selected a higher proportion of forbs (37.5% and 15.0%, Sichuan and ring-necked, respectively) and ring-necked hens selected a higher proportion of grass (17.5% and 37.5%, Sichuan and ring-necked, respectively) within 1.0 m2 of the nest (P ≤ 0.010). Population survey indices suggested that a self-sustaining Sichuan pheasant population was not established.
OHIO J SCI 106 (3):78-85, 2006
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Regeneration of Woodland Vegetation after Deer Browsing in Sharon Woods Metro Park, Franklin County, Ohio
Kashmira M. Asnani, Robert A. Klips, and Peter S. Curtis, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.
Abstract. Overbrowsing by deer can decrease plant abundance and change plant species composition, especially in isolated forest fragments. Sharon Woods Metro Park, Franklin County, OH is a 308 ha suburban woodland preserve that had a deer population of 347 individuals in 1992 (112 deer/km2), which was subsequently reduced to the currently maintained level of ~40 individuals (14 deer/km2). Deer exclosures (~0.4 ha) established in 1990 in three habitats were used to compare vegetation that recovered under complete protection with that which had sustained continued browsing. Tree seedlings, herbaceous and shrub species richness, diversity, and floristic quality were quantified in browsed and fenced treatments as indicators of plant diversity. Percent ground cover was assayed as a measure of plant biomass. Total percent ground cover was significantly lower in browsed treatments in two of the three habitats. Species richness and floristic quality of forest floor species were consistently, though not significantly, lowered in browsed treatments where the more disturbance-tolerant native species increased in frequency and abundance. Reduced deer browsing has allowed some plant species to regenerate but not others. For example, pawpaw (Asimina triloba), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), and jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) are disturbance tolerant and/or unpalatable species that may inhibit regeneration of more sensitive species under browsing pressure. A further reduction in deer density to ~4 deer/km2 and continued vegetation monitoring are recommended next steps for vegetation management at Sharon Woods.
OHIO J SCI 106 (3):86-92, 2006
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Population Responses of Microtus pennsylvanicus across a Chronological Sequence of Habitat Alteration
James L. Dooley, Jr. and Amanda L. Murray, Department of Biology, Muskingum College, New Concord, OH 43762
Abstract. Understanding the effects of habitat alteration on population demography and persistence is emerging as one of the most important and challenging areas facing ecologists and conservation biologists today. Here we compare the population demography of a common but important consumer species in eastern and mid-western grassland communities (Microtus pennsylvanicus) across three habitats that differ in the amount of time since reclamation following strip-mining (30, 25, and 15 years). We established two 40 ¥ 40 m plots at each of the three sites and used traditional capture-recapture techniques to monitor population size, survival, and recruitment through a nine-month period during 1999-2000. We predicted that populations of M. pennsylvanicus would exhibit higher population numbers, better survival rates, and higher rates of recruitment in habitat patches that had been recovering for longer periods of time. In contrast to our predictions, results indicated higher peak population numbers at the most recently disturbed site ( c = 81.18 ± 9.59 individuals) and higher numbers of reproductive females ( c = 3.38 ± 0.85) relative to sites recovering for 25 and 30 years ( c peak population size = 28.08 ± 23.09 and 31.16 ± 1.75 individuals, respectively; c number of reproductive females = 0.57 ± 0.32 and 1.13 ± 0.13, respectively). Thus it would appear that time since disturbance was not an important predictor of population performance for this species in this altered system. Alternative hypotheses such as the influence of local habitat attributes and population fluctuations are discussed.
OHIO J SCI 106 (3):93-97, 2006
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Fish Assemblage of Cedar Fork Creek, Ohio, Unchanged for 28 Years
Tim M. Berra and Paulo Petry, Department of Evolution, Ecology & Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Mansfield, OH 44906; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Ichthyology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
Abstract. A 270 m section of Cedar Fork Creek, a clear, gravel-bottomed, headwater stream of the Ohio River System in north-central Ohio, was sampled 48 times from 1975-2003. During the 28 year period 32,237 individuals of 10 fish families and 44 species were collected. Eight taxa made up 86% of the total number collected. Cyprinids (Luxilus cornutus, Campostoma anomalum, Pimephales notatus, Semotilus atro-maculatus, and Notropis buccatus) accounted for 65% of the individuals. Two darter species (Etheostoma caeruleum, E. nigrum) made up 17.4% of the total, and the white sucker, Catostomus commersoni, accounted for 3.3%. The same common species were abundant throughout the 28 years, and the same rare species were consistently present in small numbers. Species richness averaged 23 species per year. Margalef’s index of diversity varied only slightly from 2.8 to 3.6 during the study indicating the constancy of species composition. Two jackknife estimators (nonparametric resampling procedures) suggested that the collections detected 97-100% of the species present. Exotic species failed to make inroads into the Cedar Fork community except for carp, Cyprinus carpio, that have been in Ohio since 1879, and brown trout, Salmo trutta, that were recently stocked by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources.
OHIO J SCI 106 (3):98-102, 2006
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Glacial Lake Licking: Late-Glacial Drainage Diversion and the Formation
of Black Hand Gorge, Licking County, Ohio
Tod A. Frolking and Matthew A. Pachell, Department of Geology and Geography, Denison University, Granville, OH 43023; Anadarko Petroleum Corporation, The Woodlands, TX 77380
Abstract. Numerous narrow, steep-walled valleys cut through the uplands of the Glaciated Appalachian Plateaus section of east-central Ohio. In Licking County, eastward-advancing glacial ice blocked the west-flowing paleo drainage east of Newark forming Glacial Lake Licking. Lake waters ultimately overtopped a drainage divide south of Hanover causing the erosion of Black Hand Gorge and reversal of the Licking River drainage. Cutbanks and cores into late-Wisconsinan terraces along the Licking River and its tributaries above the Gorge reveal dense, laminated (± 1.0 mm) to massive, calcareous, gray lacustrine silt disconformably overlain by 1.0-6.0+ m of oxidized fluvial sand and gravel overlain in turn by sandy silt (Chili loam soil). Lacustrine silt has been found from elevations of 228 m (748 ft) above sea level in cores in the Licking River floodplain to 255 m (838 ft) in a small lateral tributary. The 230 m (755 ft) elevation of the modern Gorge channel bed indicates at least 25 m of incision since the lake was impounded. Two radiometric dates (33,440 ± 1060 and 21,660 ± 120 years BP) as well as stratigraphic and pedogenic relationships indicate that Glacial Lake Licking was impounded in the late Wisconsinan and that gorge cutting occurred relatively early during the last glacial maximum. No weathering zone, indicating a significant period of subaerial exposure, has been noted either at the silt/gravel contact or within the fluvial gravel.
OHIO J SCI 106 (3):103-111, 2006
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Non-Acid Gastroesophageal Reflux and Respiratory Disorders: A Literature Review
Hayat Mousa and Frederick W. Woodley, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Center for Advanced Research in Neuromuscular Gastrointestinal Disorders, Columbus Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University School of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH 45205
Abstract. Recent technological advances that now permit us to detect gastroesophageal reflux (GER), independent of pH, have sparked a fury of interest in non-acid GER as a potential culprit in respiratory disorders. Application of combined esophageal pH and multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) monitoring to the study and diagnosis of GER disease (GERD) demonstrated non-acid GER to be far more frequent (in infants, children, and adults alike) than previously recognized. The following report is a review of the current literature that describes non-acid GER or that temporally associates non-acid GER with respiratory disorders.
OHIO J SCI 106 (3):112-116, 2006
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Geomagnetic Navigation in Monarchs and Black Swallowtails
Alyssa Larue, Steven Naber, and Joseph Talnagi, 9661 Goodman Road, Groveport, OH 43125; Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, OH 43201; The Ohio State University Nuclear Reactor Laboratory, 1298 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212
Abstract. Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in North America migrate to and from Mexico. Black swallowtails (Papilio polyxenes) are non-migratory and travel locally. Two hypotheses have been suggested concerning the navigation of monarchs: that the monarchs use an internal sun compass, or that they use a geomagnetic compass. The data collected by this research show that both species have the ability to use geomagnetic navigation and that monarchs do, in fact, use geomagnetic navigation. Neutron activation analysis was used to assay iron concentrations by species, body parts, and sex. It was shown that the head had the highest iron concentrations of the body parts, with monarch females being higher than monarch males. The gender pattern was reversed in the black swallowtails. A strong magnet and insect pavilion was used in darkness and sunlight in different orientations to test the hypothesis that monarchs have a geomagnetic sensory system and use geomagnetic navigation. Monarchs were affected by the magnet in both sunlight and dark, while black swallowtails did not show conclusively that they use geomagnetic navigation. These findings may have parallels in other migratory and non-migratory species of animals.
OHIO J SCI 106 (3):117-123, 2006
Volume 106 No. 2--April 2006
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Further Explorations into Ohio’s Fractured Environment: Introduction to The Ohio Journal of Science’s Second Special Issue on Fractures in Ohio’s Glacial Tills
Julie Weatherington-Rice, Ann D. Christy, and Michael P. Angle, Bennett and Williams Environmental Consultants Inc., Columbus, OH 43231; Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Columbus, OH 43224
Abstract. This paper summarizes the history of the Ohio Fracture Flow Working Group (OFFWG), describes their activities since the publication of the first special issue of The Ohio Journal of Science in 2000, and references selected recent publications by Ohio researchers, other researchers in the United States, and research efforts internationally. It also serves as an introduction to and overview of this second special issue of The Ohio Journal of Science.
Dedication. This special issue is dedicated to Jane L. Forsyth and Truman W. Bennett for their foundational contributions to glacial geology and hydrogeology, respectively, and their roles in understanding fractures in unconsolidated (glacial) materials.
OHIO J SCI 106(2):4-8, 2006
Textural and Mineralogical Characteristics of Tills of Northeastern and North-Central Ohio
John P. Szabo, Department of Geology, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-4101
Abstract. Textural and mineralogical parameters of over 3400 till samples are summarized to provide a database for scientists and engineers working with fractured tills in Ohio. Matrix textures (% <2.0 mm), carbonate contents (% <0.074 mm), and diffraction intensity ratios (illite/chlorite + kaolinite) were commonly measured. Texturally, most tills become sandier and less clay rich as they are traced onto the Allegheny Plateau. The overall distribution of mean textures of the Illinoian tills is similar to that of the Late Wisconsinan tills. Incorporation of local clastic bedrock on the plateau or changes in mode of deposition may be the reason for increased sand content. Carbonate contents of tills are generally larger in the Lake and Till plains provinces, and carbonate contents decline along transects from the Till Plains to the Allegheny Plateau. Exceptions to this trend are caused by the release of far-traveled carbonates from the englacial load of glaciers during formation of end moraines. Similarly the lithology of the sand fraction (1.0-2.0 mm) reflects the underlying bedrock, but proportions of igneous and metamorphic rock fragments increase within end moraines where englacial load is released. Diffraction intensity ratios decrease onto the plateau because of the entrainment of Pennsylvanian-age shales containing kaolinite. Numerous factors such as glacier dynamics, topography of the underlying bedrock, bedrock lithology, amount of bedrock exposure, and dilution by older glacial deposits affect the texture and composition of tills. Future research should examine the possible relation of texture and mineralogy to joint width.
OHIO J SCI 106(2):9-16, 2006
Mineralogy of Weathered Wisconsinan Till along a Fracture in the Root Zone
Pierre W. Bruno, John P. Szabo, and Annabelle Foos, Department of Geology, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-4101
Abstract. Subsampling of a large block of Wisconsinan Ashtabula Till suggests that weathering progresses outward from fractures in the root zone. In the fracture zone pore waters have precipitated iron, calcite has been partially leached, and dolomite remains constant. Illite and kaolinite phases present in samples taken from near the fracture in yellowish-brown, oxidized till do not significantly differ from gray, unoxidized till from the same horizon. However, chlorite has been altered to vermiculite in samples proximal to the fracture. Diffraction intensity ratios (illite001/kaolinite001 + chlorite002) increase near the fracture and decrease with distance away from the fracture. The concentration of goethite, the mineral responsible for the yellowish-brown color, decreases exponentially with respect to distance from the fracture. This oxidized zone has a greater sand content and lesser clay content than the unoxidized gray zone because free iron that coats the clay particles cements them into sand-size aggregates. Weathering processes in till adjacent to fractures are the same as those that form weathering zones in till landscapes.
OHIO J SCI 106(2):17–21, 2006
Use of Soil Texture Analysis to Predict Subsurface Fracturing in Glacial Tills and Other Unconsolidated Materials
Eun Kyoung Kim and Ann D. Christy, Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
Abstract. Predicting the occurrence and development of fractures is difficult because fracturing in glacial tills and other unconsolidated materials has been observed across many geographic areas, climates, land uses, soil types, and till units. This difficulty led to a statistical investigation of historic geologic and soil data. Soil textures and fracture depths from 9 field sites and 45 soil pedons (140 sample points) were analyzed using statistical and graphical methods. When plotted on the USDA soil texture ternary diagram, the data indicate that tills having less than 10% clay or greater than 52% sand are unlikely to support fracturing; conversely tills having greater than 10% clay or less than 52% sand are more likely to do so. Based on the 95% hexagonal confidence region for soil texture data, tills with less than 55% sand, 20-65% silt, and 5-53% clay would be more likely to form fractures. The texture classes of tills predicted to sustain fracturing were mainly clay, loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, and silty clay. The depth of glacial tills having observed fractures ranged from 0.5 to 215 ft. These results are useful to explain and document how fractures are created in glacial tills and may be a useful tool for field engineers and geologists allowing them to anticipate fractures in glacial tills in Ohio and beyond.
OHIO J SCI 106(2):22-26, 2006
Fracture and Gully Formation in Glacial Fill: Field Observations at the WillowCreek Landfill, Portage County, Ohio, with Implications to Historic Earthen Dam Failure Sites in the US
Julie Weatherington-Rice and George F. Hall, Bennett & Williams Environmental Consultants Inc., Columbus, OH, 43231; The Ohio State University, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Columbus, OH 43210
Abstract. Fracture formation in fill was observed to occur rapidly, in just a few years at the WillowCreek Landfill site. The soil science and geomorphology literature does not discuss the formation of fractures in glacial fill. Observations (which are often the first step in developing a research effort) of fractures formed in fill derived from fine-grained Ohio glacial soils and tills by Weatherington-Rice at the WillowCreek site and in earthen dams by Sherard are here presented. Questions regarding the applications of these observations to potential impacts and failures of the built environment, that is, landfill construction and leachate generation (HELP model), earthen dams, highway construction, and general construction sites, are raised. Recommendations are made for the need for inter-disciplinary research and literature sharing.
OHIO J SCI 106(2):27-34, 2006
Buried Pre-Illinoian-Age Lacustrine Deposits with “Green Rust” Colors in Clermont County, Ohio
Julie Weatherington-Rice and Jerry M. Bigham, Bennett & Williams Environmental Consultants Inc., Columbus, OH 43231; The Ohio State University, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Columbus, OH 43210
Abstract. Buried, Pre-Illinoian-age lacustrine deposits found in at least two separate bedrock valleys in Clermont County, OH, exhibit brilliant colors of “green rust” that alter rapidly when exposed to oxygen. In these settings, the materials are leached of calcium carbonate but the iron has not undergone the redoximorphic depletion typically observed in gleyed hydric soils. Water movement has been exclusively through fractures and along varved bedding planes for approximately 700,000 years, indicating that in these settings, matrix flow is not occurring. The overlying Pre-Illinoian-age Backbone Creek glacial till also exhibits gleyed coloration but these materials are not leached of calcium carbonate. These materials also oxidize when exposed to air, indicating that again, the iron is not removed from the till. A possible correlation to similar permeability properties in northwest Ohio Late-Wisconsinan-age lacustrine materials and fine-grained tills is drawn. The “green rust” provides evidence for minimal to no matrix flow in fine-grained materials and supports the Ohio Fracture Flow Working Group recommendation that water movement along fractures, varved bedding planes, through sand stringers, and along paleosol unconformities be assumed unless matrix contributions have been documented and can be confirmed in these settings.
OHIO J SCI 106(2):35-44, 2006
Drastic Hydrogeologic Settings Modified for Fractured Till: Part 1. Theory
Julie Weatherington-Rice, Ann D. Christy, Michael P. Angle, and Linda Aller, Bennett & Williams Environmental Consultants Inc., Columbus, OH 43231; Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Columbus, OH 43224; Bennett & Williams Environmental Consultants Inc., Columbus, OH 43231
Abstract. The ground water vulnerability assessment model, DRASTIC, has been modified to better evaluate the effect of fractured till. In the mid-1980s, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) Division of Water began statewide, county-by-county mapping of the potential for ground water pollution. Eventually it was recognized that the original DRASTIC methodology needed to be modified to incorporate the concept of double-block porosity and preferential flow through Ohio’s fractured glacial tills. Glacial till was eventually recognized as a unique vadose zone media, and different ratings were assigned to the various till lithologies. It was determined that thin, weathered, highly-fractured tills should be more highly rated by increasing the rating of “R” Net Recharge and “I” Impact of the vadose zone media, where appropriate. In rare instances, the ratings of very thin soils (“S” Soil media) were modified to reflect the nature of underlying parent materials. In contrast, extremely thick sequences of unweathered till were given lower ratings for “R” Net Recharge and “I” Impact of the vadose zone media. DRASTIC maps have been completed for 76% of the 88 counties in Ohio. With the advent of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications, compiling a county DRASTIC map has become faster, and publication costs have been significantly reduced. GIS provides the tools to review and quickly modify historical mapping efforts that predate the fracture modification. This paper reviews the history of DRASTIC mapping in Ohio, presents the theory of modifications for fractures, and includes some discussion of Ohio regulatory applications.
OHIO J SCI 106(2):45-50, 2006
DRASTIC Hydrogeologic Settings Modified for Fractured Till: Part 2. Field Observations
Julie Weatherington-Rice, Ann D. Christy, Michael P. Angle, Richard Gehring, and Linda Aller, Bennett & Williams Environmental Consultants Inc., Columbus, OH 43231; Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Columbus, OH 43224; USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Columbus, OH 43215; Bennett & Williams Environmental Consultants Inc., Columbus, OH 43231
Abstract. Developed as a companion paper to “DRASTIC Hydrogeologic Settings Modified for Fractured Till: Part 1. Theory,” twenty-one field sites around glaciated Ohio were visited to determine if fractures were present in the soils and underlying parent materials at each location. Four sites were featured with in-depth discussions. In all, 23 of the original 95 fractured soils identified in Tornes and others (2000) were confirmed in the field and four new soils were added to the list: Amanda, Avonburg, Blanchester, and Clermont. Settings were grouped by common glacial and soils characteristics where they were linked to predict similar conditions over a wider ranging area. Modifications to their site specific DRASTIC ratings can be extrapolated to the larger geologic regions. All 21 sites were evaluated for their DRASTIC settings and new Ground Water Pollution Potential numbers were assigned where necessary. Modification of the DRASTIC mapping method has made the Ohio Ground Water Pollution Potential mapping program more protective of Ohio’s ground water supplies. DRASTIC mapping efforts can play an important role in not only statewide but also local ground water pollution protection efforts.
OHIO J SCI 106(2):51-63, 2006
Fractured Tills, Ohio’s Ground Water Resources, and Public Policy Considerations Addressed by DRASTIC Maps
Julie Weatherington-Rice, Ava Hottman (in memorium), Earl Finbar Murphy, Ann D. Christy, and Michael Angle, Bennett and Williams Environmental Consultants Inc., Columbus, OH 43231; former Assistant Chief OEPA Surface Water Division, Columbus, OH; Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Columbus, OH 43224
Abstract. The public health of all Ohioans is dependent on land use decisions that preserve the quality of Ohio’s water resources. If a potentially polluting site is located over fractured glacial tills, those fractures could hasten contaminant transport from surface contamination to underlying ground water. This paper addresses public policy, government programs, and the law as they affect land use decisions in fractured environments. A review of programs in Ohio identified a number of efforts currently in place that, if modified, could include ground water pollution potential mapping (DRASTIC) and the concept of fracture flow in guiding science-based land use decisions. Two of these programs, the Sole Source Aquifer designation and the Wellhead/Source Water Protection Program, are detailed. In addition, two Ohio law cases directly addressing ground water resource protection are described: Cline v. American Aggregates and CF/Water et al. v. Schregardus. The latter case is the first in the United States to explicitly state that fractures must be taken into consideration by the regulatory agency when reviewing a permit to install a potentially contaminating land use.
OHIO J SCI 106(2):64-73, 2006
Abstracts
Volume 105 No. 5--December 2005
Floristic Survey of a Highly Disturbed Wetland within Shaker Median Park, Beachwood (Cuyahoga County), Ohio
Michael K. Delong, Suneeti K. Jog, Jeffrey R. Johansen, and George J. Wilder, Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115; Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118; Division of Ecological Studies, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965-6565
Abstract. A 1.5 year-long investigation of a highly disturbed suburban wetland revealed 298 species, varieties, and form as of vascular plants, including several taxa uncommon elsewhere in Cuyahoga County. The site exhibited five vegetation subtypes which we compared using several measures including Floristic Quality Assessment Index and Shannon Diversity Index. Historically, the site has been subjected to numerous massive disturbances, but none in a period of 20 years from ca. 1982-2002. Data indicated that the site had recovered partially from disturbance, but was threatened by invasive species. OHIO J SCI 105 (5):102-115, 2005
Changes in Older and Younger Woods in West-Central Ohio
James R. Runkle, Lisa A. Fairbanks, Keelan H. Armstrong, Timothy S. Campbell, and Amanda L. Espenschied-Reilly, Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
Abstract. This study examines changes in two forest stands in the Quercus-Acer saccharum forest region of west central Ohio: an old-growth stand changing from Quercus-dominated to Acer saccharum-dominated and a stand established following agricultural abandonment about 1950. Both stands are in the Wright State University woods. Permanent plots were sampled in 1980 (younger stand only), 1982 (older stand only), 1993, and 2000. The older stand had more small, fewer intermediate, and more large stems than the younger stand. The plot in the new stand showed a bell-shaped distribution with most stems established shortly after land abandonment. Mortality decreased and growth increased with stem size for both stands. Acer saccharum in all sizes and large Quercus dominated the older stand. The younger stand was dominated by Robinia pseudo-acacia with Acer saccharum also important. In the older plots small stems generally were clustered, intermediate-sized stems randomly distributed, and the largest stems regularly distributed. In the younger plot small stems were aggregated while larger ones were randomly distributed. Quercus regenerated well until the late 1800s, singly or in small groups, but few stems have become established since 1900. Quercus may need fires or grazing to regenerate successfully. Both stands are changing to increased dominance by Acer saccharum and other shade-tolerant species as they lose species (Robinia pseudo-acacia in the younger stand, Quercus in the older stand) more successful under past than present conditions. OHIO J SCI 105 (5):116-124, 2005
Human Influence Past and Present – Relationship of Nutrient and Hydrologic Conditions to Urban Wetland Macrophyte Distribution
Julie A. Wolin and Patricia Mackeigan, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115-2214
Abstract. Urban wetlands can provide valuable ecological services through filtration and moderation of non-point source pollutants. They provide habitat for wildlife, green space, and recreational opportunities for nearby human populations. We investigated an isolated section of an urban wetland in the Cleveland metropolitan area to determine the overall quality of the vegetation and to evaluate the site for possible rehabilitation. We also researched the distribution of plant species in relation to existing hydrologic, soil, and nutrient conditions in order to identify possible impacts of historic or present human activities in the surrounding watershed. Vegetation composition and physical/chemical parameters were measured in 1.0 1.0 m2 plots along three transects. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to directly correlate species distributions to nutrient concentrations, soil carbon content, and water depth. Our sample area was dominated by Typha angustifolia, Leersia oryzoides, and Sparganium eurycarpum. A few high quality species were present, but the overall macrophyte community was indicative of human disturbance. Historic information revealed a long history of disturbance at the site and continuing anthropogenic impact. Patchiness in nutrient and water depth gradients results from historic and current human impacts in the study area. Our results indicate any rehabilitation efforts of the site need to take into account past and current anthropogenic stressors. We recommend aggressive removal of invasive species and re-introduction of nutrient-tolerant native taxa to achieve successful rehabilitation at the site. OHIO J SCI 105 (5):125-132, 2005
Immigration and Economic Restructuring in Ohio’s Cities, 1940-2000
Kefa M. Otiso and Bruce W. Smith, Department of Geography, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403
Abstract. The purpose of this research is to use Census data to examine trends in employment and the foreign-born among Ohio’s largest cities between 1940 and 2000. The observed trends are linked to economic changes in the cities. In 1940, many Ohio cities attracted significant numbers of foreign-born due to job opportunities in manufacturing. However, since 1940, employment and spatial restructuring has eroded the manufacturing base of most Ohio cities, making them less appealing to the newer immigrant streams. Another change is that Columbus has overshadowed Cleveland as the primary location of the foreign-born population since 1940. Columbus is now more attractive to immigrants because it has a greater concentration of jobs in the growing service and information employment sectors than does Cleveland. Columbus’ large foreign-born population is also partly due to the refugee resettlement policies of the US government, especially in the case of Somalis. Columbus is now the second largest center of Somalis in the US. Ohio cities’ ability to attract immigrants, who are critical to population and economic growth, depends on the cities’ ability to nurture industries that will generate the jobs that will draw immigrants. In addition, some researchers believe that amenities, such as cafes, museums, and diversity, are critical to attract migrants, both domestic and foreign-born. Thus, investments in the cultural environment and human talent cannot be overlooked. OHIO J SCI 105 (5):133-137, 2005
Ultrastructure of the Eggs Chorion of Ceraleptus obtusus (Brulle, 1839) (Heteroptera: Coreidae)
Selami Candan, Zekiye Suludere, and Dilek Durak, Gazi University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, 06500, Ankara, TURKEY and Erciyes University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Yozgat, TURKEY
Abstract. The eggs of Ceraleptus obtusus were studied with light and scanning electron microscope. The females were collected from the Sinekci mountain pass of Kas (Antalya, Turkey) and maintained under laboratory conditions. The oval shaped eggs averaged 1.35 mm in length and 0.74 mm in width. The eggs were dark brown and mat. The egg chorion surface showed a chorionic pattern resulting in irregular hexagonal patterns. There were 18-19 short pipe micropylar projections mounted at the anterior pole. The egg burster was a chitinous and sclerotized structure. Examination of a cross section of the chorion showed that it was composed of three layers. OHIO J SCI 105 (5):138–141, 2005
Abstracts
Volume 105 No. 4--September 2005
Cardiac Rehabilitation Intervention and Quality of Life Indicators: A Validation Estimate of Ware’s Model
John M. Laux, Isadore Newman, John Queener, Jim Rosneck, and Richard Josephson; Department of Counseling & Mental Health Services, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606; Department of Educational Foundations & Leadership, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325; Department of Counseling, Summa Health System, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325; Cardiac Rehabilitation Institute, Summa Health System, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44304
Abstract. The present study tests Ware’s (1987, 1990) prediction that patient evaluations of quality of life (QOL) are related to physical ability. QOL data from 302 patients were collected prior to initiation and upon completion of a 12-week cardiac rehabilitation program. Physical ability was measured in metabolic equivalents (METS). Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated for the variables under study. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to test these relationships covarying patient diagnosis, and pre-treatment QOL score and patient demographics. Significant improvements from pre- to post-CR were found for METs and all QOL variables. Improvements in physical ability were significantly correlated with improvements in physical health related QOL indices, but not with mental health QOL indices. These relationships were present even when moderating variables were co-varied. Improvements in physical ability were predictive of decreased expectations that physical health would interfere with work or other daily activities. As the physical capabilities of our patients increased, they reported feeling less physical pain and were less limited by any pain they did experience. And, increased physical ability was associated with a brighter outlook on current and expected future health status. These findings provide support for Ware’s theory of QOL. OHIO J SCI 105 (4):66–73, 2005
Administration of a Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Blocker with a Thienopyridine Derivative Does Not Increase the Risk of Thrombocytopenia
Kevin H. Silver, Isadore Newman, Susan M. Rohr, Jeremy Johnson, and Richard A. Josephson; Akron Cardiology Consultants, 95 Arch Street, Akron, OH 44304; Department of Educational Foundations & Leadership, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325; Summa Health System, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325; Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272; Cardiac Rehabilitation Institute, Summa Health System, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44304
Abstract. The combination of aspirin, a thienopyridine derivative, and a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor has become standard therapy for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Recent studies have shown an increased incidence of thrombocytopenia in those patients receiving a high loading dose of clopidogrel (thienopyridine) with abciximab (IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor) prior to coronary intervention. We reviewed the records of 504 patients who underwent PCI at a large tertiary care hospital and noted an incidence of thrombocytopenia of 4.8%, comparable to published historical controls who received abciximab without clopidogrel. In patients undergoing PCI, there was no difference in thrombocytopenia or bleeding complications between patients receiving a high or a low dose of a thienopyridine. We conclude that a high loading dose of a thienopyridine derivative prior to PCI may be administered safely and efficaciously in the setting of concomitant administration of abciximab without an undue risk of thrombocytopenia. OHIO J SCI 105 (4):74–78, 2005
Steel Industry Slags Compared with Calcium Carbonate in Neutralizing Acid Mine Soil
David A. Munn, Ohio State University Agricultural Technical Institute, 1328 Dover Road, Wooster, OH 44691
Abstract. Ohio has substantial lands impacted by surface mining for coal and an active steel industry. Steel industry slags have been used as liming compounds for agriculture and acid mine soil reclamation. This 3-year study evaluates slags from Ohio steel mills in greenhouse trials where these materials are compared to reagent grade CaCO3 in their ability to improve plant growth on acid mine soil. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of these materials at two rates of application in raising acid mine soil pH and to address concerns about metals in such slags. Three slags and reagent grade CaCO3 were applied at rates equivalent to 12.5 and 25 g CaCO3 kg-1 soil on acid mine soil (pH = 3.5). Five consecutive crops of oats (Avena sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), wheat and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were grown and harvested at the seedling stage. The slags and CaCO3 increased yields (P <0.01 level) compared to unlimed control pots. Soil and plant Ca were increased and plant Al and Mn decreased by application of all four materials. The slags increased soil and plant Mg. Particle size of the slags was somewhat coarse which decreased their effectiveness, but overall these slags proved to be satisfactory liming materials. The fineness efficiency developed for carbonate forms of lime may not adequately characterize slag effectiveness. Micronutrient metals including iron were not found to be in excess in plant tissue treated with slags despite the steel slags’ high Fe content. OHIO J SCI 105 (4):79–87, 2005
Aquatic Macrophyte Diversity and Habitat Characterization of the Cuyahoga River Watershed in Northeastern Ohio
Shimshon Balanson, B. Michael Walton, Julie A. Wolin, and Tarun K. Mal (in memorium), Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115
Abstract. We surveyed aquatic macrophyte diversity and abundance at 20 sites along the main channel of the Cuyahoga River and its tributaries. These sites included 12 sites in the watershed at which an Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) for fish communities deviated significantly from a value predicted by a statistical model of landscape urbanization and stream habitat quality. These sites were classified as Best of the Best, Worst of the Best, Best of the Worst and Worst of the Worst among 164 sites within the Cuyahoga basin. In order to characterize a site, we collected data on the physical features of the stream and quantified the species abundance of aquatic macrophytes in a 100 m transect. Within each transect, measurements of stream width, bankfull width, stream depth, bankfull depth, and canopy cover were recorded every 10 m. Nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia content of water samples were also assayed. The quality of stream habitat for each site was quantified using the Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI). Strong significant correlations between the measure of stream depth and stream width as well as canopy coverage and bankfull width were observed. A weak significant correlation was found between IBI and QHEI scores. Additional analysis showed that water chemistry did not influence QHEI or IBI scores. An analysis of variance indicated that the IBI scores significantly differed among site types. Macrophytes were discovered at seven of the 20 sites with an overall richness of 11 species among all sites. The most common aquatic macrophytes were: Elodea canadensis L., Sparganium americanum Nutt., and Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Results demonstrate that physical stream characteristics are strong indicators of fish population integrity, but are not necessarily indicative of aquatic macrophyte assemblages. Storms severely impacted many streams during the survey, possibly altering macrophyte assemblages. Further surveys should be undertaken at additional sites within the Cuyahoga River watershed for a comprehensive assessment of aquatic macrophytes. OHIO J SCI 105 (4):88–96, 2005
Failure of a Free-living Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) to Discriminate Food Rewards on the Basis of Number
George L. Farnsworth, Department of Biology, Xavier University, 3800 Victory Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45207
Abstract. Spontaneous numerical discrimination has been observed in animals in laboratory and field studies. These studies often rely on subjects choosing the most profitable food items. I designed a feeding apparatus to explore the spontaneous numerical discrimination of a free-living northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos). The feeder consisted of two tubes containing food rewards. In order to attain the reward from a tube, the subject had to remove one or more obstacles. I tested to see if the subject would choose the tube with greatest profitability first. The subject did not discriminate when given a choice between a tube with two obstacles and a tube with three obstacles. The subject also did not discriminate between a tube with larger number of food items and a tube with fewer food items (each tube with one obstacle). However, the subject did discriminate between a tube with reward and a tube without reward. The failure of the subject to discriminate on the basis of number may reflect the low cost associated with making the sub-optimal choice. With some improvements, the feeding apparatus may provide a way to examine spontaneous numerical competence in free-living birds without having to capture subjects. OHIO J SCI 105 (4):97–99, 2005
Volume 105 No. 3--June 2005
BRIEF NOTE
New Localities in Ohio for Five Vascular Plant Species1
Suneeti K. Jog2 and Michael K. Delong3, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2399 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115
Abstract. Floristic studies are imperative for documentation of our biodiversity. We conducted floristic surveys within regions of Ohio that were ecologically interesting and contained a diverse flora. We report new records of five vascular plant species, Nigella damascena, Salix x sepulcralis. Spiraea x bumalda, Thermopsis vittosa, and Veronica longifolia. Two of these species have not been reported in Ohio, while three are new to the county in which they were collected. OHIO J SCI 105 (3):34, 2005
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Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Resulting Wetlands Mitigation for Selected Counties of Northern Ohio1
Emmanuel K. Mbobi, Department of Geography, Kent State University - Stark Campus, Canton, OH 44720
ABSTRACT. This study examines Section 404 of the Clean Water Act to determine its impact on the destruction of wetlands. The data for this study was obtained from the Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE). Included is the number of Section 404 permit applications received by the ACOE during the period 1990 to 2001 and the action taken on these applications for six northern Ohio counties — Lucas, Ottawa, Portage, Summit, Stark, and Wood. During the study period a total of 1,676 applications were received from the six counties. 79.3% of the applications were issued by the ACOE. Less than 1% of the applications were rejected, and 17% of the applications were withdrawn before action was taken. In all, these counties requested 283.5 acres of wetlands for filling. 238.4 acres were approved for destruction, and 586.82 acres were proposed for mitigation by the ACOE. The core of this study is mitigation results. The ACOE has no record certifying that proposed mitigations were carried out. They blame this on insufficient manpower to undertake the investigative task. Consequently, wetlands have been destroyed in anticipation of mitigation without corresponding mitigation activities. Most mitigation is conducted by conservation groups through mitigation banking. Their information is sketchy and their data is hard to obtain. For mitigation to work, the ACOE and EPA need to generate a feedback loop to monitor mitigation activities, a condition which is currently lacking in the organizational structure of the ACOE. OHIO J SCI 104 (3):35-42, 2004
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Bird Population Changes in a Hamilton County, Ohio, Forest1
LAUREN P. SAUNDERS2, CHARLES W. SAI-NDF.RS, DAVID STYRR, AND STEPHAN PEUKAN3, Department of Mathematics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0025
ABSTRACT. We monitored breeding bird populations in a woodland plot in Hamilton County, OH. By comparing historical data (1991-8) with 2003 populations, we observed a decrease in the populations of more species than expected by chance. In contrast, few species showed a population increase. Overall, the total number of territorial males in 2003 was 12% below the average number from 1991 to 1998. OHIO J SCI 105 (3):43-45, 2005
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Hydrology, Water Quality, and Restoration Potential for the Upper Big Darby Creek, Central Ohio1
Li ZHANG, WILLIAM J. MITSCH, AND DANIEL F. FINK, Olentangy River Wetland Research Park, School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science Graduate Program, 352 W. Dodridge Street, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43202
ABSTRACT. The restoration of riparian buffers as well as the creation and restoration of wetlands along streams are practices that can be used to control point and non-point source pollution. Our study provides hydrology and water quality data from 2000-2002 in anticipation of recommending restoration of the headwaters of the Big Darby Creek Watershed in central Ohio. One tributary of concern in the headwaters, Flat Branch, contributed 11% of the total river flow during April 2002 flooding and 56 and 88% of the flow in the headwater study area during non-growing (winter and early spring) and growing (summer and early fall) seasons, respectively. There were significant differences in water chemistry, both temporally and spatially, at each sampling station within the upper watershed. Flat Branch was seasonally or continuously higher in temperature, pH, and turbidity, and lower in dissolved ions and oxygen than Darby Creek. Low dissolved oxygen at dawn during the summer months caused by diurnal metabolism in the water column is also a concern in Darby Creek. We propose the creation/restoration of riparian wetlands at the confluence of the Big Darby and Flat Branch as one solution to degrading water quality in the upper Big Darby watershed. Flood pulses, particularly from the Flat Branch, could be directed to riparian wetlands, which would minimize downstream erosion and capture the water exactly when several pollutants (sediments, nitrates, and so forth) are in higher concentrations. The restoration area could have flood control, habitat, and ecotourism values as well. OHIO J SCI 105 (3):46-56, 2005
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The Unionid Mussel Fauna of Northeastern Ohio's Grand River1
MARTIN K. HUEHNER, ROBERT A. KREUS, GREGORY ZIMMERMAN, AND MELISSA MEJIA (in memoriam), Environmental Studies Program, Hiram College, Hiram, OH 44234; Department of BGES, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115; EnviroScience, Inc., 3781 Darrow Road, Stow, OH 44224; Hiram College, Hiram, OH 44234
ABSTRACT. Unionid mussel distribution, numbers, and species were examined in the Grand River to provide a recent and comprehensive study of mussels from northeast Ohio's longest river. The entire length of the Grand was canoed and examined for unionid mussel beds, with the exception of upstream areas where the river was small; SCUBA was used to survey just upstream of Fairport Harbor. The lower river, designated Grand River's Wild and Scenic section, was studied in 1995, the middle reaches, called the Scenic section, were surveyed in 1996, and completion of the headwater region followed in 1998. Finally, a survey near the mouth of the river was made in 2002. A total of 95 sites were examined visually, by hand, with bottom sieves, dip nets, or by diving, as conditions demanded; riverbanks were searched for dead shells. A total of 11,625 living mussels and 4,514 dead shells comprising 27 species were identified. All species found were represented by living specimens. Comparisons to earlier collections indicated that the unionid fauna is changing, especially in downstream areas, but the diversity of these threatened macroinvertebrates in the Grand River has been much less affected than in the neighboring Ohio rivers to the west. OHIO J SCI 105 (3):57-62, 2005
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Volume 105 No. 2--April 2005
An Amphibian Survey of Killbuck Marsh Wildlife Area, Ohio
Jill A. Wicknick, Carl D. Anthony, and Jaret S. Reblin, Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118
Abstract. We surveyed Killbuck Marsh Wildlife Area, Ohio, for amphibians during a 4-year period, from 1998-2002. Sampling techniques used were visual encounter surveys (hand-collecting in terrestrial and aquatic habitats), call surveys for anurans, and sampling larvae using nets. We located 439 individuals of 16 species; of these, 7 were caudates and 9 were anurans. Specimens collected included 6 township records (Wayne County, Franklin Township: Plethodon glutinosus, Rana sylvatica; Wayne County, Wooster Township: R. clamitans melanota, R. pipiens; Holmes County, Prairie Township: Eurycea l. longicauda, Bufo a. americanus). The most common species were R. clamitans melanota and R. pipiens. The wildlife area contains extensive marshland and abundant temporary aquatic habitats (ponds, roadside ditches) that serve as breeding areas for anurans and pond breeding caudates (Ambystomatidae) that cannot coexist with predatory fish. Forested upland areas provide habitat for woodland salamanders (Plethodon) and their predators such as Pseudotriton r. ruber and Diadophis punctatus edwardsii. We compared our data to those of a previous survey. The amphibian community at Killbuck Marsh Wildlife Area appears to have changed little during the last 40 years, but increases in the number of forest dwelling species may be a result of continuing forest maturation at KMWA. OHIO J SCI 105 (2):2–7, 2005
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Composition and Structure of Two Old-growth Forest Ecosystem Types of Southeastern Ohio
P. Charles Goebel, David M. Hix, and Marie Semko-Duncan, School of Natural Resources, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691; School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210-1085
Abstract. Less than 1% of the pre-European settlement forest in Ohio currently remains, mostly as small and scattered woodlots. Consequently, few studies have been undertaken to quantify the composition and structure of Ohio’s old-growth forests using a landscape ecosystem perspective. We used an existing multifactor ecosystem classification system developed for the Wayne National Forest in southeastern Ohio to compare the composition and structure of two old-growth forest ecosystem types, located on contrasting north-facing and south-facing middle slopes. No differences in physiography were observed among the stands other than aspect; however, the north-facing old-growth ecosystem type had a greater A horizon thickness and a higher pH than the south-facing old-growth ecosystem type. Mixed-oaks dominate the south-facing ecosystem type, while sugar maple, American beech and northern red oak dominate the north-facing ecosystem type. No differences were detected in stand structural components. Similar trends were observed for the ground-flora layer; specifically, we observed differences in ground-flora composition between the two ecosystem types but no differences in total percent cover or species richness. Finally, the composition and structure of coarse woody debris differed between the contrasting ecosystem types. Maple and oak snags and fallen logs dominate the north-facing ecosystem while oak standing snags and fallen stems are typically observed in the south-facing ecosystem. Few differences between the two ecosystem types were detected in coarse woody debris structure, except that snag density tends to be higher in the south-facing old-growth ecosystem and log density and volume tends to be higher in the north-facing ecosystem (P <0.10). Through the use of this ecosystem approach, we can begin to quantify the ecological factors regulating the composition and structure of old-growth communities, improving our ability to effectively manage and restore these rare ecosystems. OHIO J SCI 105 (2):8–16, 2005
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A Survey of the Coleoptera Associated with Carrion at Sites with Varying Disturbances in Cuyahoga County, Ohio
John Shea, Biology Department, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118; Invertebrate Zoology Collection, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH 44106
Abstract. Human activity disrupts the natural environment to varying degrees and can lead to differences in biodiversity among localities. It was hypothesized that a site with low anthropogenic disturbances would have higher carrion-associated beetle diversity than sites exhibiting increased disturbance. Carrion beetle diversity was measured at three sites in northeast Ohio, and a total of 71 species were collected from among the three sites in July and August of 1995 from chicken and pig carrion. Luce Creek, the least disturbed site, had the highest number of specimens, families, species, and unique species while Euclid, the most disturbed site, had the lowest. Staphylinidae was the most abundant family at all three sites. The most commonly collected species at Dike and Euclid was the staphylinid Aleochara bimaculata, while at Luce Creek, it was the silphid Silpha noveboracensis. The Simpson and Shannon indices indicate that the less disturbed environment had the highest diversity of beetles associated with carrion. OHIO J SCI 105 (2):17–20, 2005
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Hydrology, Water Chemistry, and Vegetation Characteristics of a Tamarack Bog in Bath Township, Ohio: Towards Restoration and Enhancement
Tara E. Miletti, Cameron N. Carlyle, Christian R. Picard, Kathleen M. Mulac, Adam Landaw, and Lauchlan H. Fraser, Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
Abstract. The current state of the Bath Tamarack Bog has raised concern about the health and function of the system. Only 6 tamarack (Larix laricina) trees remain, while deciduous trees, particularly red maple (Acer rubrum) and invasive species such as glossy buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula) and multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), dominate the bog. Our purpose was to assess the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the tamarack bog. Environmental and biological properties of Bath Tamarack Bog were measured from May 2001 through November 2002. In 2001, the center of the bog experienced water levels below those typically found in bogs, yet experienced normal water levels in the following year. Water chemistry results indicate the pH is much greater than that characteristic of a typical bog, ranging from 5.94 to 7.41. Nutrient levels fluctuated and were generally higher for calcium, potassium, and phosphate than a typical bog, while nitrogen levels remained low. These results indicate that the bog is not functioning normally and is in decline. The degradation of the bog is most likely due to anthropogenic activity. Ditching occurred between 1963 and 1969 and seems to have induced the progression of red maple trees and invasive species into the bog by lowering water levels. Since 1938, the first aerial photo we have record of, the bog has reduced to approximately a third of its size, which is approximately 1.99 hectares. The bog appears to be in a late successional stage, rapidly changing to a forested wetland. We discuss possible management and restoration efforts needed to restore or enhance the tamarack bog, including 1) planting Sphagnum mats, 2) introducing tamarack seedlings, 3) controlling invasive species, and 4) maintaining the hydrology close to the soil surface. All of these measures are suggested in association with educational outreach.
OHIO J SCI 105 (2):21–30, 2005
Volume 104 No.5 -- December 2004
Trends in Reproductive Performance and Condition of White-tailed Deer in Ohio
Michael J. Tonkovich, Michael C. Reynolds, William L. Culbertson, and Robert J. Stoll, Jr., Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife, 9650 State Route 356, New Marshfield, OH 45766
Abstract. We compared the reproductive performance and condition of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) collected in two regions of Ohio in 1996-99 with previous studies in 1962-67 (Nixon and others 1970; Nixon 1971) and 1981-83 (Stoll and Parker 1986). Statistical comparisons were limited to the 1981-83 and 1996-99 datasets because only summary data were available for 1962-67. We used uterine analysis to estimate reproductive parameters of roadkilled deer during 1982-83 and 1997-99, but ovarian analysis was used on deer obtained during fall hunting seasons in 1962-67. Pregnancy rates of fawns and yearlings declined in the farmland and hill country regions between 1982-83 and 1997-99, but no changes occurred in pregnancy rates of adult does. Fetal rates (fetuses/pregnant doe) of fawns and reproductive rates (fetuses/doe) of fawn and yearlings declined between 1982-83 and 1997-99. Body mass was collected at check stations in fall hunting seasons in the 1960s, 1981-82, and 1996-98, but antler beam and point characteristics were only measured in the 1981-82 and 1996-98 sampling periods. Mean body mass of all sex and age classes declined in the hill country, but fewer changes occurred in the farmland region. Mean antler beam diameter of yearling males declined in the hill country, but no differences were apparent in the farmland region. Reproductive performance and condition parameters were greater for deer in the farmland than in the hill country during both time periods. Declines in reproductive rates and in body condition have occurred as deer populations have increased in Ohio. Based on published sustained-yield tables (McCullough 1979; Downing and Guynn 1985), deer populations in the farmland region may currently exist at 35-40% of ecological carrying capacity, while the deer herd in the hill country may be near maximum sustained yield (MSY; 56% of ecological carrying capacity). Increased antlerless deer harvests may be required in the future to stabilize the population at MSY and maintain body condition and antler quality of deer because of a diminishing carrying capacity in southeastern Ohio.
OHIO J SCI 104 (5):112–122, 2004
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Ohio Educators Respond to Governor Taft’s Initiative for the Third Frontier: A Call for Action
Andrea M. Karkowski and Ignatios E. Vakalis, Capital University, 2199 East Main Street, Columbus, OH 43209
Abstract. The new science frontier requires training students who have the knowledge and skills to work on scientific problems that transcend specific scientific disciplines. A computational studies curriculum integrated into undergraduate science majors can provide the experiences that students need to succeed in the new science frontier. Computational studies is the use of mathematical modeling and computer visualization to solve problems in biological, physical, medical, and behavioral sciences as well as economics, finance, and engineering. A computational studies curriculum is characterized by: 1) the use of computer visualization techniques and mathematical modeling to answ